1. What is the Indus Water Treaty?
- The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) is a bilateral agreement between India and Pakistan signed on 19th September 1960.
- Brokered by: The World Bank.
- Purpose: To fairly distribute the water of the Indus River system between India and Pakistan.
2. Rivers Covered under the Treaty
The Indus river system has 6 major rivers, divided between the two countries under the treaty:
Western Rivers (allocated to Pakistan):
- Indus
- Jhelum
- Chenab
→ India can use these for non-consumptive purposes like irrigation (under limits), navigation, and hydroelectric power (without storage).
Eastern Rivers (allocated to India):
- Ravi
- Beas
- Sutlej
→ India has full rights to use these rivers’ waters.
3. Key Provisions of the Treaty
- India is obliged to let unrestricted flow of Western rivers to Pakistan (with minor exceptions).
- India can build run-of-the-river hydro projects on Western rivers, but without affecting water flow.
- A Permanent Indus Commission was established with one commissioner from each country to:
- Exchange data,
- Inspect projects,
- Resolve minor issues.
4. Significance of the Treaty
- Survival lifeline for Pakistan: About 80% of Pakistan’s agriculture depends on these rivers.
- Model of cooperation: Despite multiple wars and conflicts, the treaty has remained functional.
- One of the most successful water-sharing agreements in the world.
5. Strategic & Political Dimensions
- In times of heightened tension (e.g., after Uri or Pulwama attacks), India has threatened to review the treaty.
- India’s limitations: Though India controls the river sources (in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal), it has limited rights over Western rivers.
- China factor: The Indus originates in Tibet, giving China a potential upper riparian influence.
6. Recent Developments & Disputes
- Baglihar and Kishanganga Projects:
- Pakistan raised objections, alleging a violation of treaty clauses.
- Referred to neutral experts and international courts.
- 2023-24: India issued a notice to Pakistan to modify the treaty citing long-standing concerns, signaling possible renegotiation.
8. Possible Exam Questions (HAS Mains/Prelims)
- Q. Discuss the key features and strategic implications of the Indus Water Treaty.
- Q. Evaluate the relevance of the Indus Water Treaty in Indo-Pak relations.
- Q. Examine the significance of Eastern Rivers in the development of Himachal Pradesh.