The Mauryan Empire MCQ Questions and Answers

Sol. The statement regarding Chandragupta II marrying his daughter Prabhawati to an Ahom prince is not correct. In reality, Chandragupta II married his daughter Prabhavati to Rudrasena II, a Vakataka prince, as part of a strategic matrimonial alliance. The Ahoms, a group of Tai origin, established their kingdom in Assam much later, in the 13th century CE, long after Chandragupta II’s reign in the 4th-5th century CE. Therefore, any mention of an alliance with the Ahoms during his time is historically inaccurate.

Sol. Ashvaghosha was a renowned Buddhist scholar and poet who lived during the reign of Kushan emperor Kanishka. He is best known for composing the Buddhacarita, an epic poem in Sanskrit that details the life of Gautama Buddha. Ashvaghosha played a significant role in the spread of Mahayana Buddhism and was a prominent figure at the Fourth Buddhist Council convened by Kanishka in Kashmir. His association with Kanishka’s court reflects the emperor’s patronage of Buddhist learning and Sanskrit literature.

Sol. Ashoka’s edicts were primarily inscribed in Prakrit, which was the common spoken language of the people at the time. In regions like Kandahar and parts of Afghanistan, edicts were also issued in Greek and Aramaic to communicate with the local populations influenced by Hellenistic and Persian cultures. However, Sanskrit was not used in Ashoka’s inscriptions; its official use in royal inscriptions began in later periods, notably under the Gupta dynasty. Ashoka chose accessible languages to ensure his messages of Dhamma reached the widest audience.

Sol. Among the options, the Kanva dynasty did not have a significant or clearly documented role in the construction or maintenance of the Sanchi Stupa. The original stupa was built under the Maurya dynasty during the reign of Ashoka. The Sungas later expanded and elaborated the structure by adding the ornate gateways and railings. The Satavahanas also contributed to Buddhist architecture and are believed to have played a role in supporting such sites. However, there is no substantial historical or archaeological evidence to link the Kanva dynasty directly to the development or preservation of the Sanchi Stupa.

Sol. The Mauryan fiscal year is believed to have begun in the month of Asadha, which corresponds to July in the modern calendar. This timing aligned with the agricultural cycle, as it marked the onset of the monsoon season—a critical period for sowing crops in the Indian subcontinent. Revenue collection and administrative planning were closely tied to agricultural productivity, and beginning the fiscal year during Asadha allowed the state to assess land revenue and organize resources effectively. This practice reflects the agrarian foundation of the Mauryan economy.

Sol. The royal palace at Pataliputra exemplifies the architectural influence of Achaemenid Iran on Mauryan India. According to Greek accounts, such as those by Megasthenes, the palace featured grand pillared halls and polished stonework resembling Achaemenid structures, particularly in Persepolis. The use of stone columns with elaborate capitals and a focus on monumental architecture were hallmarks of Persian influence, adapted and localized under the Mauryan architectural program.

Sol. Kanishka’s reign marked a significant phase in Buddhist history due to the emergence of Mahayana Buddhism and its expansion beyond India. Under his patronage, the Fourth Buddhist Council was convened in Kashmir, where Mahayana doctrines were codified. Simultaneously, Buddhism was transmitted to Central Asia and China, facilitated by Kanishka’s control of key trade routes and his support for missionary activities. These developments fundamentally reshaped the character and geography of Buddhism.

Sol. Chandragupta Maurya spent his last years at Shravana Belgola in present-day Karnataka after renouncing his throne and adopting Jainism under the guidance of the Jain monk Bhadrabahu. According to Jain tradition, he undertook sallekhana (ritual fast unto death) at this site, which became a significant Jain pilgrimage center. This act reflects his spiritual transition and deep association with the Jain faith in his final years.

Sol. The “Turning of the Wheel of Law” (Dharma-Chakrapravartana) refers to the Buddha’s first sermon after his enlightenment, delivered at the Deer Park in Sarnath. In this sermon, he introduced the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path to his first five disciples, effectively setting the Buddhist teachings in motion. This event is considered foundational in the spread of Buddhism and is symbolically represented by the Dharmachakra (wheel of dharma).

Sol. Kumara Gupta I was succeeded by his son Skanda Gupta, who is known for defending the Gupta Empire against the Huna invasions. His reign, although marked by military success, also witnessed the beginning of the decline of the Gupta Empire. Skanda Gupta upheld the legacy of his predecessors but had to contend with increasing external and internal pressures during his rule.

Sol. The Maurya Period marks the first time in Indian history where detailed descriptions of state administration are available, primarily through the Arthashastra by Kautilya (Chanakya) and the inscriptions of Emperor Ashoka. These sources provide comprehensive insights into various aspects of governance including revenue, espionage, military organization, and judicial systems, demonstrating a highly centralized and bureaucratic form of governance.

Sol. In the Mauryan administration, the Samaharta was the official responsible for the collection of state revenue. This officer played a critical role in the economic framework of the empire, overseeing the assessment and gathering of taxes from agriculture, trade, and other sources. The Arthashastra outlines the duties of such officers, emphasizing efficient and systematic fiscal management.

Sol. While Rajagriha and Vaishali were significant in early Buddhist history, particularly for being locations of the First and Second Buddhist Councils respectively, and for associations with the Buddha’s teachings and miracles, there is no clear evidence that they were prominent centers of Buddhist art. Major centers of Buddhist art are more commonly linked to sites like Sanchi, Amaravati, and Ajanta.

Sol. The Delhi-Meerut Pillar, also known as the Delhi-Topra Pillar, was the first Ashokan pillar to be investigated and studied by British archaeologists in the 19th century. The inscriptions on this pillar helped identify Ashoka as the author of the edicts and initiated deeper scholarly research into his reign and policies.

Sol. During the Mauryan period, silver and copper were the predominant metals used in minting coins. The most common coin form was the punch-marked coin, characterized by symbols punched onto pieces of silver or copper. Gold coins became more widespread in later periods, particularly under the Kushanas and Guptas.

Sol. Pushyamitra Shunga, who assassinated the last Mauryan emperor Brihadratha and established the Shunga dynasty, was a Brahmana. He served as a Senapati (commander-in-chief) under the Mauryas before seizing power. His rise marked a significant shift in political and religious trends in post-Mauryan India.

Sol. The edict in which Ashoka refers to himself as the King of Magadha (Laja Magadhe) is the Bhabru Edict. While the Minor Rock Edict of Maski is undeniably crucial for historical understanding as it uniquely identifies Ashoka with the titles Devanampiya Piyadasi Raja Magadhe, thereby enabling the decipherment of his identity across other inscriptions, the specific instance of him referring to himself simply as the “King of Magadha” (Laja Magadhe) is found within the Bhabru Edict.

Sol. Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) became a major center for Theravada Buddhism. This branch was introduced by Mahendra (son of Ashoka) and later strengthened by Sanghamitra (Ashoka’s daughter). Theravada Buddhism emphasizes adherence to the original teachings of the Buddha and became the dominant form of Buddhism in Sri Lanka and later in Southeast Asia.

Sol. King Bimbisara of the Haryanka dynasty was a contemporary of both Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, and Gautama Buddha. He was a patron of both religious traditions and ruled the kingdom of Magadha. His interactions with these spiritual leaders played a significant role in the spread of their teachings.

Sol. Pushpa Gupta was the governor under Chandragupta Maurya credited with the construction of the Sudarshana Lake in the Girnar region of Gujarat. This artificial lake was built to support irrigation and agriculture, reflecting the Mauryan emphasis on public works and water management.

Sol. The Ajivika sect, a heterodox religious group contemporary with early Buddhism and Jainism, is known for worshipping the Ashoka tree as divine and carrying peacock feather fans. Founded by Makkhali Gosala, the Ajivikas believed in absolute determinism (Niyati). Their symbolic practices, such as revering the Ashoka tree and the distinctive use of peacock feathers, differentiated them from other sects of the time.

Sol. The abundance of Buddhist viharas and chaityas in Western Maharashtra is largely due to the geological features of the Sahyadri ranges. The region’s volcanic basalt (trap) rock is ideal for carving durable rock-cut architecture. This geological advantage, along with local patronage, led to the flourishing of sites like Ajanta, Ellora, and Karla.

Sol. The Allahabad Pillar inscription is a well-known Prashasti (eulogy) composed by Harisena, the court poet of Samudragupta. It details his military campaigns and conquests, highlighting his role as a powerful Gupta emperor. This inscription is a key source for reconstructing the political history of the Gupta period.

Sol. Ashoka reigned in the 3rd century BCE, followed by Menander I (Milinda), the Indo-Greek king who ruled in the 2nd century BCE. Kanishka ruled later, in the 1st–2nd century CE. This sequence—Ashoka, then Milinda, then Kanishka—represents the correct chronological order of these notable rulers in ancient Indian history.

Sol. After witnessing the devastation of the Kalinga war, Ashoka experienced deep remorse and converted to Buddhism. He renounced aggressive military campaigns and embraced Dhamma Vijaya (conquest through righteousness), promoting moral and cultural values across his empire and beyond through inscriptions, emissaries, and public works.

Sol. Considering the economic practices of the Mauryan period, the item that was not typically a state monopoly was Slaughter houses and gambling houses.

Here’s why:

Mines and forests: These were significant sources of revenue and resources, and the Mauryan state maintained strict control over them.

Pearl and fisheries: These were valuable resources, and the state often controlled their exploitation and trade to generate income.

Ferries and bridges: These were crucial for transportation and communication, and the state often managed them, levying tolls and ensuring their maintenance.

While the Mauryan state had a significant role in regulating various aspects of life, including potentially taxing activities like slaughtering animals and gambling, these were generally not direct state monopolies in the same way that the exploitation of natural resources or essential infrastructure was. Private individuals or entities likely operated these, subject to state regulation and taxation.

Sol. The province of Saurashtra, with Junagadh as its center, was governed by a Greek (Yavana) named Tushaspa under Ashoka. This appointment illustrates the diversity and integration within the Mauryan administrative system, which included foreigners in important positions, reflecting a cosmopolitan and pragmatic governance style.

Sol. Although Brahmins held social and religious influence, they were not an institutional check on the Mauryan king’s power. The actual checks included the Mantri-parishad (council of ministers), customary laws, and powerful guilds that influenced local administration and economy. The Mauryan polity was largely centralized, but with functional checks from these bodies.

Sol. Ring wells, made by stacking circular terracotta rings vertically, first appear in the archaeological record during the Mauryan period. They were used for drainage, water storage, and occasionally as soak pits, indicating the development of urban planning and sanitation systems during this time.

Sol. Indica, written by the Greek ambassador Megasthenes, is a valuable source for understanding the Mauryan period. It provides an outsider’s account of the social, political, and economic conditions in Chandragupta Maurya’s court, including details on city planning, caste system, and administration. Though only fragments survive, it remains a critical historical text.

Sol. In the Mauryan administrative system, Antahpur-adhyaksha was the officer responsible for the supervision of the royal household, including the affairs of women in the palace. This role was crucial in maintaining discipline and order within the antahpura (inner chambers). The term indicates a formal bureaucratic post in charge of the queen and other royal women, not public women in general.

Sol. The Third Buddhist Council was convened under the patronage of Emperor Ashoka around 250 BCE at Pataliputra, under the leadership of the monk Moggaliputta Tissa. The purpose of the council was to purify the Buddhist sangha by expelling heretical monks and to consolidate the doctrine. Ashoka’s support played a vital role in spreading Buddhism both within and beyond India.

Sol. The Mauryan state maintained strict control and monopoly over critical economic sectors, including mining and metallurgy, minting of coins and currency, and the production of arms and shipbuilding. These sectors were vital to the security and economic stability of the empire, and state supervision ensured centralized control and efficient resource management, as detailed in the Arthashastra.

Sol. Ashoka’s rule is often characterized as paternal despotism due to his approach of governing as a benevolent and moral guardian of his subjects. After the Kalinga War, Ashoka adopted a policy of Dhamma, focusing on welfare, ethical governance, and non-violence. While retaining autocratic powers, his concern for the moral and material well-being of his people is evident from his edicts.

Sol . The Digha Nikaya, a part of the Sutta Pitaka in the Pali Canon, includes discourses that shed light on the ideals of Buddhist kingship and governance. These ideas significantly influenced Mauryan polity, especially under Ashoka. Other sources in the list are either mismatched or do not provide the information suggested in the question.

Sol. The Arthashastra by Kautilya is the most comprehensive and systematic source on Mauryan administration. It covers governance, economy, espionage, law, and military strategy in detail. Though the Ashokan inscriptions reflect state ideology and moral policy, the Arthashastra offers technical and administrative details not found elsewhere.

Sol. While the Mauryan administration implemented strict public health and sanitation regulations, there is no specific evidence from surviving sources that practicing medicine without registration was punishable. Other actions, such as throwing waste in public places or polluting water sources, were considered offenses and penalized to maintain hygiene and public welfare.

Sol. The term mahamatta in the Mauryan administration referred to senior officials, and its usage varied depending on context and responsibility. These officers were involved in a wide range of duties including revenue collection, administration, public welfare, and spreading Dhamma. It was a general administrative designation, not limited to any one function.

Sol. Taxila served as the capital of the Northern province of the Mauryan Empire. It was a strategically important city located near the northwestern frontier, playing a key role in trade and defense. The other provincial capitals were Suvarnagiri (Southern), Tosali (Eastern), and Ujjain (Western), each managed by a prince or royal family member as viceroy.

Sol. Unlike some later Indian rulers, Mauryan kings, including Ashoka, did not claim divinity. While they wielded extensive powers in administrative, judicial, and legislative matters, they projected themselves as Dharmika (righteous) rulers rather than divine beings. Ashoka in particular emphasized moral leadership based on Buddhist principles rather than divine authority.

Sol. The statement that outcastes were not allowed to perform any rituals is not correct. Although outcastes were socially marginalized and forced to live outside the main settlements, there is no strong evidence suggesting a complete denial of all ritual practices. Their caste names often reflected their occupations, and despite their low social status, they maintained distinct cultural and ritual practices within their communities.

 Sol. Shubhagasena was not one of the later Mauryan rulers. He was likely a local ruler or chieftain in northwestern India during the post-Mauryan period. The successors of Ashoka in the Mauryan dynasty included rulers such as Dasharatha, Samprati, and Shalishuka, who are documented in Puranic and Buddhist sources, though they were relatively weak and contributed to the empire’s decline.

Sol. The absence of national consciousness and representative institutions is the least likely cause for the Mauryan Empire’s decline. Such concepts were not part of the political structure of ancient Indian empires. More concrete causes include weak successors after Ashoka, the administrative burden of a vast empire, economic strain, and regional revolts, including possible discontent from orthodox Brahmanical groups.

Sol. There is no strong historical evidence to suggest that the Mauryan Empire suffered from an unfavorable balance of trade. In fact, it had thriving trade routes both inland and with foreign regions. Financial weakening was more likely due to internal factors such as a large standing army, an extensive bureaucracy, and Ashoka’s expansive public welfare initiatives, all of which drained the treasury.

Sol. In the Mauryan administrative system, the Samaharta was the officer in charge of revenue collection across the empire. He oversaw tax assessment and ensured efficient financial management. This position was crucial in a centralized economy that depended heavily on agricultural and trade revenues, as outlined in the Arthashastra.

Sol. Pushyamitra Sunga was originally the Senapati (General) of the Mauryan army. He assassinated the last Mauryan emperor, Brihadratha, during a military parade and established the Sunga dynasty in 185 BCE. His background as a Brahmin general exemplifies the military’s role in political transitions during ancient India.

Sol. To address financial difficulties, the later Mauryas are believed to have resorted to debasement of currency—reducing the precious metal content in coins. This measure was likely taken to stretch limited resources and address deficits, a common practice in ancient and medieval economies facing fiscal strain.

Sol. The claim that the Mauryan Council of Ministers had a fixed number of members, specifically three councillors and a Chief Minister, is not correct. The Mantri-Parishad did not have a rigid structure with a fixed count; rather, its composition varied based on the needs of the state. Members were chosen by the king for their expertise and loyalty, and the council served in both advisory and administrative capacities.

Sol. Kerala and most of Tamil Nadu did not form part of the core Mauryan Empire, as the southern expansion was limited. While Ashoka claimed influence over southern regions through friendly relations and the spread of Dhamma, there is little evidence of direct political control over these areas. On the other hand, Kashmir and major parts of northern and central India were under Mauryan rule.

Sol. According to the Puranas, the Mauryan dynasty lasted for approximately 137 years, starting with Chandragupta Maurya around 321 BCE and ending with the assassination of Brihadratha Maurya in 185 BCE. The timeline reflects a significant phase in ancient Indian political consolidation and administrative evolution.

Sol. The inclusion of Vanga (part of modern Bengal) in the Mauryan Empire is supported by the prominence of Tamralipti as a major port. It served as a key maritime center during the Mauryan period, facilitating trade and communication with Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. The economic and strategic significance of the region strongly suggests its integration into the Mauryan administrative framework, even though no Ashokan edicts have been found in that part of Bengal.

Sol. Ashoka sent diplomatic missions to several Hellenistic rulers, including Antiochus II Theos of Syria, Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt, Antigonus Gonatas of Macedonia, and others. However, Xerxes was a Persian king who reigned centuries before Ashoka and was not a Hellenistic ruler of Ashoka’s time. Therefore, he could not have been one of the recipients of Ashoka’s envoys.

Sol. The Nagarjuni Hill Cave Inscriptions were issued by Dasharatha, the grandson of Ashoka. He also adopted the title Devanampriya, which had earlier been used by Ashoka. Dasharatha dedicated these caves to the Ajivika sect, continuing the tradition of religious patronage established by his grandfather, although the scale and impact of his rule were significantly smaller.

Sol. Ashoka implemented several public welfare measures as part of his Dhamma policy, particularly in health care. His edicts mention the establishment of medical facilities and dispensaries for both humans and animals, and the cultivation of medicinal herbs. These actions were in line with his broader vision of ethical governance and care for all living beings.

Sol. The Third Buddhist Council, convened by Ashoka at Pataliputra under the presidency of Moggaliputta Tissa, had far-reaching consequences. It purified the sangha by removing non-Buddhist elements, codified the Kathavatthu (a key text of the Abhidhamma Pitaka), and initiated the dispatch of Buddhist missions to distant regions including Sri Lanka, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia, thereby globalizing Buddhism.

Sol. Brihadratha was the last ruler of the Mauryan dynasty. He was assassinated by his commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra Sunga, who then established the Sunga dynasty in 185 BCE. This event marked the end of Mauryan rule and the beginning of a new political and religious phase in Indian history, with a shift toward Brahmanical resurgence.

Sol. Ashoka first mentions the institution of Dhamma-Mahamattas in his Rock Edict V. These officials were appointed to propagate Dhamma, ensure moral conduct, and oversee welfare activities across the empire. They played a significant role in implementing Ashoka’s ethical and administrative reforms, interacting with various social and religious groups.

Sol. Dasharatha, the grandson of Ashoka, dedicated the caves in the Nagarjuni Hills to the Ajivika sect. These caves, located near the Barabar Hills in present-day Bihar, were used as hermitages and are notable for their highly polished interiors, reflecting Mauryan rock-cut architectural skill and continued patronage of non-Buddhist sects.

Sol. The construction of Srinagar by Ashoka is mentioned in Rajatarangini, a historical chronicle written by Kalhana in the 12th century CE. While the account is semi-legendary, it reflects the enduring association of Ashoka with Kashmir in regional historical memory. However, this source is much later than Ashoka’s time.

Sol. The most widely accepted scholarly view is that Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism was a gradual process rather than an immediate transformation after the Kalinga War. While the war deeply influenced him, his edicts show a progressive adoption of Buddhist principles and increasing engagement with the sangha over time. The legend of his conversion under Upagupta is popular in Buddhist tradition but lacks strong historical evidence.

Sol. The reason that was not one of the strategic and economic importances of the conquest of Kalinga to the Mauryan Empire is: It was also a powerful maritime state and, therefore a convenient source of income. According to the source, the primary motivations for the Mauryan conquest of Kalinga were to control the crucial land and trade routes connecting the Ganges valley with the south, to establish territorial contiguity between the Mauryan territories of Andhra and Bengal, and to exploit Kalinga’s rich agricultural land for economic prosperity. While Kalinga might have had some maritime activity, it wasn’t the primary strategic or economic driver behind the Mauryan invasion.

Sol. There is no reliable historical evidence suggesting that Ashoka reduced the strength of his army following the Kalinga War. Although he renounced offensive warfare and adopted a policy of Dhamma-vijaya (conquest through moral principles), the Mauryan Empire retained a strong military for administrative control and defense. The other outcomes—his remorse, transformation, and cessation of military conquests—are well attested in Rock Edict XIII.

Sol. The Mahavamsa, a Sri Lankan chronicle, states that Ashoka abdicated the throne in favor of his grandson Samprati in his old age. This source emphasizes Ashoka’s commitment to Buddhism and his efforts to spread it, including through his descendants. Although this detail lacks corroboration from Ashokan edicts, it forms part of the Buddhist narrative tradition.

Sol. Numismatic evidence (coinage) is not a significant source for determining the territorial extent of the Mauryan Empire during Ashoka’s reign. The geographical spread of his empire is primarily known through the distribution and content of his rock and pillar edicts and supported by literary and religious texts. Mauryan coinage was more limited in distribution and does not provide direct geographical insights.

Sol. The Mauryas contributed to Tamil culture primarily through the introduction of the Brahmi script, which was used in the earliest inscriptions found in Tamil Nadu. Ashokan edicts discovered in the southern region reflect the early diffusion of literacy and administrative influence, thereby linking Mauryan influence with the early cultural development in Tamilakam.

Sol. The Greek and Aramaic edicts of Ashoka, found in regions like Kandahar, are generally considered translations or adaptations of the main edicts issued elsewhere in Prakrit. These versions were intended for the local populations familiar with Hellenistic and Persian languages, underscoring Ashoka’s inclusive and multilingual administrative approach.

Lanka was the First official contact between the two countries) Sol. The arrival of Mahendra and Sanghamitra in Sri Lanka was not the first contact between the Mauryan Empire and the island. Diplomatic and trade relations likely existed prior to this religious mission. However, this event was significant as it established Buddhism in Sri Lanka and formalized cultural-religious ties. Earlier interactions may not have been religious but were certainly diplomatic or commercial.

Sol. The failure of Ashoka’s Dhamma is less attributed to its vagueness and more to its idealistic nature, limited acceptance among the elites, and inability to address deep-rooted social and economic inequalities. While Dhamma emphasized ethical living, tolerance, and welfare, it lacked the structural framework to resolve caste conflicts or economic disparities effectively.

Sol. Rock Edict XIII is one of the most significant inscriptions from Ashoka’s reign. It vividly recounts the horrors of the Kalinga War, expresses deep remorse, and articulates his shift toward Dhamma-vijaya. It is also the longest of the major edicts and presents a retrospective reflection on the emperor’s changing policies, making it a crucial source for understanding his transformation and governance.

Sol. In Rock Edict VI, Ashoka emphasizes his constant involvement in public affairs and his accessibility to officials, including the mahamattas. The famous declaration that his officers should keep him informed of state matters “at all times” reflects his commitment to administrative vigilance and moral governance, a key feature of his policy after embracing Dhamma.

Sol. The statement that Ashoka consolidated his southern conquests after the Kalinga War does not align with the generally accepted view of his post-war policy. Ashoka renounced aggressive military campaigns following the war and instead focused on spreading Dhamma through peaceful means. While he retained Kalinga and maintained law and order, there is no clear historical record of further territorial expansion in the south during his reign.

Sol. Although Ashoka introduced measures to improve governance, such as discouraging cruelty and encouraging proper treatment of subjects, there is no evidence of deep reform in the criminal justice system or revolutionary social change. His edicts promoted moral behavior and compassion but did not challenge or radically alter the caste-based social structure or legal norms of the time.

Sol. Rock Edict I deals with the prohibition of animal sacrifices and unnecessary slaughter for religious and festive purposes. Ashoka expresses his concern for animal welfare and states that he discontinued royal hunting and drastically reduced the killing of animals for rituals, reflecting his shift toward non-violence and compassion as part of his Dhamma.

Sol. The Dhamma-Mahamattas appointed by Ashoka were entrusted with wide-ranging responsibilities including propagation of Dhamma, supervision of moral conduct, public welfare, and promoting harmony among various religious communities. They also helped address administrative abuses and ensured that justice and ethical conduct were upheld, embodying Ashoka’s moral governance.

Sol. The Kandahar Inscription, written in Greek and Aramaic, was directed to the local populace in the northwestern regions of the empire and not specifically addressed to the Buddhist sangha. In contrast, the Bhabra Edict, Schism Edict, and Nigalisagar Inscription are explicitly directed toward the sangha, reflecting Ashoka’s interaction with the monastic community and his concern for its discipline and unity.

Sol. Ashoka viewed his Dhamma as a universal moral code that transcended individual religious doctrines. In his edicts, he emphasized values like compassion, truthfulness, non-violence, and respect for all beings, portraying Dhamma as the essence of all religions—a unifying ethical system rather than a sectarian policy.

Sol. Ashoka’s social reforms included advocating for ethical treatment of servants and elders, discouraging wasteful rituals and social ceremonies, and promoting moderation in public entertainment. These reforms aimed at cultivating a morally upright society and were revolutionary for their time in promoting ethical behavior over ritualistic practices.

Sol. Ashoka’s Dhamma was not confined to Buddhism; it emphasized inter-sectarian harmony, tolerance, and respect for all religious paths. His edicts frequently call for concord (samavaya) among different sects, which highlights the secular and inclusive nature of his moral philosophy rather than any particular religious doctrine.

Sol. To foster communal harmony, Ashoka urged people to respect the essence of their own religion while not disparaging others. He emphasized focusing on core moral values over external rituals, promoted inter-sect understanding, and sought to establish concord among different creeds—principles repeated across his edicts, especially Rock Edict XII.

Sol. The correct matching is:

2. Indo-Greek – 2. Menander (Milinda)
   B. Shaka – 1. Rudradaman
   C. Parthiyan – 4. Gondophares
   D. Kushan – 3. Vima Kadphises
   This order (2 1 4 3) aligns rulers with their respective dynasties, all of whom played significant roles in post-Mauryan Indian history.

Sol. The rock edicts at Dhauli (in Odisha) and Jaugada contain versions of Ashoka’s Major Rock Edict XIII, which expresses his deep remorse and sorrow over the suffering caused by the Kalinga War. These inscriptions vividly describe the emotional and ethical transformation Ashoka underwent, leading to his adoption of Dhamma-vijaya (conquest through righteousness).

Sol. Ashoka’s edicts are broadly categorized as public pronouncements to his subjects, directives to officials, personal communications to the Buddhist sangha, and moral exhortations promoting Dhamma. However, they do not expound the doctrinal philosophy of Buddhism in a detailed or theological manner. Instead, they emphasize ethical living and practical morality applicable across religions.

Sol. The correct matching is:

A. Uttarapatha – 2. Takshashila
B. Dakshinapatha – 1. Suvarnagiri
C. Prashi – 4. Pataliputra
D. Kalinga – 3. Tosali
These regions were important administrative divisions or cultural zones of the Mauryan Empire, each associated with a key urban center.

Sol. Ashokan edicts focus on promoting religious tolerance and harmony. They do not provide specific accounts of sectarian or communal conflicts. Instead, Ashoka’s messages encourage respect for all sects and emphasize ethical conduct. Other areas—his thoughts, administrative reforms, and societal details—are well documented in the edicts.

Sol. There is no historical evidence or inscriptional record to suggest that Ashoka expelled monks from a monastery called “Ashok Aram.” While the Third Buddhist Council addressed the issue of dissident monks, it was conducted under the leadership of Moggaliputta Tissa and not directly linked to such specific punitive measures taken by Ashoka himself.

Sol. The correct matching of Ashoka’s contemporary rulers with their regions is:

A. Antiyoka – 4. Syria (Antiochus II)
B. Autkina – 3. Macedonia (Antigonus Gonatas)
C. Maka – 1. Cyrena (Magas of Cyrene)
D. Turmaya – 2. Egypt (Ptolemy II Philadelphus)
These rulers are mentioned in Ashoka’s edicts as recipients of his messages on Dhamma.

Sol. Both statements are historically accurate. A severe famine in the Ganga valley led to the migration of Jain monks, led by Bhadrabahu, to the south. Chandragupta Maurya accompanied them, having renounced his throne and adopted Jainism. He is believed to have spent his final years at Shravanabelagola, practicing Sallekhana.

Sol. In the Queen’s Edict (found at Allahabad/Prayag), Ashoka mentions his second wife Karuvaki by name and also refers to their son Tivara. This is the only inscription where a family member is named, reflecting Karuvaki’s special status and Ashoka’s acknowledgment of her contributions or devotion.

Sol. Both statements are historically accurate. Brihadratha, the last Mauryan ruler, was assassinated by his general Pushyamitra Sunga, who founded the Sunga dynasty. Similarly, the last Sunga king, Devabhuti, was overthrown and killed by his Brahmin minister Vasudeva Kanva, who then established the Kanva dynasty.

Sol. All three sequences listed (1, 2, and 3) are incorrect in terms of historical chronology. The correct chronological order is:
Brihadratha (of the early dynasty) → Bimbisara → Sisunaga → Bindusara
Therefore, none of the given options correctly reflect the accurate historical sequence.

Sol. During the Mauryan period, coins were primarily minted using silver and copper. The most common type was the punch-marked coin, which featured various symbols stamped onto the metal. These coins were used for trade and state transactions. Gold coins were rare and became more prominent in later periods, especially under the Kushanas and Guptas.

Sol. All four rulers—Pushyamitra Sunga, Samudragupta, Pravarsena I, and Pulakesin I—are recorded to have performed the Asvamedha (horse sacrifice) to assert their imperial sovereignty and legitimacy. The ritual symbolized the king’s control over the land and was revived especially during periods of expansion and consolidation.

 Sol. The correct matching is:

A. Shunga – 4. Bhagabhadra
B. Kanva – 3. Vasudeva
C. Chedi – 2. Kharavela
D. Vakataka – 1. Pravarsena I
These rulers were associated with the respective dynasties and played important roles in post-Mauryan regional politics.

Sol. Ashoka did introduce reforms to improve justice and administration, such as royal tours, regular inspections by officers, and edicts to prevent injustice. However, there is no reference in Ashokan records to the release of convicts based on mercy petitions by ministers. His approach emphasized reform and ethical behavior rather than formal judicial procedures involving mercy petitions.

Sol. The Arthashastra provided a comprehensive blueprint for Mauryan statecraft, including centralized economic control, management of trade and industry, and bureaucratic governance. It emphasized education and ethical training for princes and advocated the establishment of a state council to aid the king in policymaking, highlighting a rational and methodical administrative structure.

Sol. Ashoka’s Dhamma was a set of ethical principles rather than a strictly religious doctrine. It drew on the moral values common to various sects of the time—such as respect for elders, non-violence, tolerance, and compassion. Though inspired by Buddhism, it was secular in application and intended to promote social harmony and ethical living across religious lines.

Sol. The Pillar Edicts place a stronger emphasis on the ethical and moral dimensions of Dhamma and reflect Ashoka’s personal involvement with Buddhist values, including his concern for the welfare of his subjects and the Buddhist sangha. In contrast, the Rock Edicts are broader in scope, often addressing administrative and policy matters for the general populace.

Sol. Ashokan edicts rarely mention his family members. The only exception is the Queen’s Edict, which names his wife Karuvaki and son Tivara. Most inscriptions focus on governance, moral teachings, administrative reforms, and foreign policy. Hence, they are limited in providing insights into his personal or dynastic relations.

Sol. Let’s analyze each statement to identify the incorrect one:

Gandhara School of Arts owed its origin to the Indo-Greek rulers but the real patrons of the school were the Kushans, especially Kanishka: This statement is correct. The Gandhara School emerged with the influence of Indo-Greek art, but it flourished and received its major patronage during the Kushan dynasty, particularly under Kanishka.
Rich carving, elaborate ornamentations and complex symbolism were not the main features of the Gandhara sculpture: This statement is correct. Gandhara sculpture is generally characterized by its realistic depiction of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas, often showing Greco-Roman influence in the drapery and facial features. While there is detail, it typically lacks the rich carving, elaborate ornamentations, and complex symbolism found in some other Indian art schools like Mathura or later Buddhist art. The focus was more on humanistic representation.
The Graeco-Roman architectural impact modified the structure of the Buddhist Stupas: This statement is correct. The Gandhara region saw the incorporation of Graeco-Roman architectural elements, such as Corinthian columns and decorative motifs, into the design of Buddhist stupas. This modified their traditional Indian structure to some extent.
The artists of the Amaravati School of Arts mainly used white marble: This statement is not correct. The primary material used by the artists of the Amaravati School of Art was white limestone, often referred to as Palnad marble due to the region where it was sourced. While it appears whitish, it is technically limestone, not marble in the geological sense.

Therefore, the incorrect statement is:

The artists of the Amaravati School of Arts mainly used white marble.

Sol. The famous phrase “All men are my children” appears in Separate Rock Edict I. This statement reflects Ashoka’s paternal approach to kingship, where he considered himself morally responsible for the well-being of his subjects. It encapsulates the spirit of his Dhamma policy, aimed at promoting compassion and ethical governance.

Sol. Chandragupta Maurya was a contemporary of Alexander the Great. When Alexander invaded northwestern India around 326 BCE, Chandragupta was a young leader who later overthrew the Nanda dynasty and founded the Mauryan Empire. His rise is linked with the power vacuum left by Alexander’s departure and the weakening of local rulers.

Sol. Statement 3 is correct: Ellora features rock-cut caves belonging to three different faiths—Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. Statement 1 is incorrect; the earliest surviving rock-cut caves in India are the Barabar caves, not Badami. Statement 2 is also incorrect; the Barabar caves were commissioned by Ashoka, not Chandragupta Maurya, and were dedicated to the Ajivika sect.

Sol. In the Bhabru Edict, Ashoka explicitly expresses his personal devotion to Buddhism. He declares his reverence for the Buddha, the Dhamma, and the Sangha, and endorses specific Buddhist texts. This edict reflects Ashoka’s deep commitment to the Buddhist creed and his effort to promote it.

ol. The disintegration of the Mauryan Empire was due to multiple factors: the Brahmanical revolt against Ashoka’s pro-Buddhist policies, his pacifist approach that weakened military expansion, and the weakness of his successors who failed to maintain central control. Invasions occurred later and were not a direct cause of the immediate decline.

Sol. The Rajuka was the officer in charge of a district (Ahara) during the Mauryan period. He performed administrative, revenue, and judicial duties and was appointed directly by the king. Rajukas held significant power and were key to local governance, especially in rural areas.

Sol. Statement 2 is incorrect because Ashoka’s Dhamma was not a new religion; it was a moral code promoting ethical behavior, tolerance, and welfare. Statement 3 is also incorrect; Major Rock Edict III discusses moral duties like respect for elders and gifts to Brahmins and Sramanas, not social welfare measures (those appear in Rock Edict II and VII).

Sol. The Ashokan inscriptions at Mansehra and Shahbazgarhi are unique for being written in the Kharoshthi script, used in the northwestern regions of the Mauryan Empire. The language remains Prakrit, which was used across Ashoka’s inscriptions in different scripts depending on the region.

Sol. The Kushana rulers, including Kanishka, adopted grand titles such as Devaputra (Son of God), Sarvaloka Isvara (Lord of the World), reflecting not only political sovereignty and fame but also divine kingship. This indicates the sacralization of kingship and a shift towards theocratic monarchy.

Sol. Kanishka, the Kushan emperor, is the first Indian ruler depicted in sculptures wearing Central Asian attire, including trousers and boots. This reflects the cultural influences from the northwest and Central Asia due to the Kushana’s origins and their interactions with Hellenistic and steppe cultures.

Sol. Statements 3 and 4 are not true. In the post-Mauryan period, the state did not exercise rigid control over producers; rather, guilds operated autonomously, managing production and trade. Also, guilds were often composed of family-run units or artisans, and hired labor was limited, not the norm. The first two statements are accurate regarding technological progress and organized production.

Sol. The only inscribed stone portrait of Emperor Ashoka has been discovered at Kanaganahalli in Karnataka. This site, part of the Sannati complex, yielded a sculptural panel with an inscription identifying the figure as Ashoka. It is a rare and significant find, as most Ashokan representations are symbolic rather than literal.

Sol. The correct chronological order of the arrival of these foreign dynasties in India is: Indo-Greeks → Sakas → Parthians → Kushans. The Indo-Greeks entered India in the 2nd century BCE, followed by the Sakas (Scythians), then the Parthians, and finally the Kushans, who established a major empire under Kanishka.

Sol. The Gandhara School of Art flourished under the patronage of the Kushan dynasty, especially during the reign of Kanishka. This school combined Hellenistic-Roman artistic techniques with Indian themes, particularly in Buddhist iconography, resulting in realistic sculptures and elaborate carvings.

Sol. The correct matching is:

A. Shunga dynasty – 4. Pushyamitra, Sujesthasak
B. Kanva dynasty – 1. Narayan, Susharma Vasudev
C. Satavahana dynasty – 2. Simuka, Shatakarni, Krishna
D. Shaka dynasty – 3. Kanishka (although more accurately, Kanishka is Kushan; for Shakas, rulers like Rudradaman are more appropriate, but this appears to be the intended match here)

Sol. The correct matching is:

A. Chandragupta Maurya – 2. Sandrocottus (as known to the Greeks)
B. Bindusara – 1. Amitrochates (Greek name for Amitraghata, enemy-slayer)
C. Ashoka – 3. Devanampriya (beloved of the gods)
D. Dasharatha – 4. Buddha Shakya (symbolic or later association; not a common title, but matched here as per options)

Sol. The correct chronological order is:
Ashoka (3rd century BCE) → Menander/Milinda (2nd century BCE) → Kanishka (1st–2nd century CE).
This order reflects the progression from the Mauryan period to the Indo-Greek and then to the Kushana period.

Sol. The highly polished Ashokan pillars were carved from buff-colored sandstone quarried at Chunar, near Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh. These monolithic structures were transported to various parts of the Mauryan Empire and inscribed with Ashoka’s edicts.

Sol. The Kausambi Edict contains Ashoka’s instruction that any monk or nun causing a schism in the Sangha must live outside the monastery, wearing white robes, which indicated lay status. This edict reflects his concern for maintaining unity and discipline within the Buddhist monastic community.

 Sol. The correct chronological order is:
Nanda → Maurya → Sunga → Kanva.
The Nanda dynasty was overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya. After the Mauryas, Pushyamitra Sunga established the Sunga dynasty, which was later succeeded by the Kanva dynasty.