The Gupta Empire MCQ Questions and Answers

Sol. Sri Gupta is considered the founder and first ruler of the Gupta dynasty. He established the foundation of the Gupta Empire around the beginning of the 4th century CE. Although not much is documented about his reign, he laid the groundwork for the later expansion and consolidation carried out by his successors, especially Chandragupta I and Samudragupta. His reign marked the beginning of what would later become a powerful and culturally significant empire in ancient India.

Sol. Skandagupta, in his Bhitari and Junagarh inscriptions, claimed to have successfully repelled the invasions of the Hunas. These inscriptions highlight his military achievements and valor in defending the Gupta Empire from external threats during a time of decline. His efforts in restoring the empire’s stability are particularly noted in these records, especially his campaigns against the Huna invaders who posed a significant threat to northern India.

Sol. The Gupta ruler who finally defeated the Shakas of Ujjain was Chandragupta II. Historical evidence, including coins and inscriptions, clearly indicates that Chandragupta II waged a protracted war against the Western Kshatrapas (also known as Shakas) who ruled in western India, including Ujjain. He ultimately defeated their last ruler, Rudrasimha III, and annexed their territories around the beginning of the 5th century CE. This victory gave the Guptas control over important trade routes and ports on the western coast, significantly boosting the empire’s prosperity.

Sol. The Audumburas, Kunindas, and Yaudheyas—all republican states during the post-Mauryan period—are known to have patronised Shaivism. Archaeological and numismatic evidence, including coins and inscriptions, reveals the presence of Shaivite symbols and deities, indicating their religious affiliations. Their support of Shaivism contributed to the spread and development of the sect during a time of political decentralization.

Sol. The royal seal of the Guptas featured the emblem of Garuda, the mythical bird and vehicle (vahana) of Lord Vishnu. The use of the Garuda symbol emphasized the Vaishnavite leanings of the Gupta rulers and also served as a unifying imperial emblem that represented power, protection, and divine sanction. This motif became widely associated with the Gupta dynasty and appeared on coins and official seals.

Sol. While all the mentioned dynasties made grants of villages to temples and Brahmans, the Gupta dynasty is particularly known for the significant increase and expansion of this practice.

Here’s why:

• Increased Practice: During the Gupta era (roughly 4th to 6th centuries CE), the number and scale of land grants to religious beneficiaries saw a notable rise compared to earlier periods.
• Types of Grants: The Guptas facilitated different kinds of land grants, including:
• Brahmadeya: Lands granted to groups of Brahmins, often tax-free.
• Devadana: Lands granted to deities or temples for their maintenance.
• Agrahara: Entire tax-free villages granted to Brahmins, often for their settlement and upkeep of learning.
• Transfer of Rights: Over time within the Gupta period, the rights associated with these grants expanded. Initially, donees primarily received the land’s revenue. However, by the 5th century CE, this often extended to include rights over mines and minerals within the donated land, and even administrative and judicial powers.
• Evidence: Numerous inscriptions and copper plates from the Gupta period document these land grants, providing evidence of their prevalence.

While the other dynasties also engaged in granting land:

• Satavahanas: They started the practice of granting tax-free villages to Brahmins and Buddhist monks.
• Palas: They also gave land grants to Brahmins, priests, temples, and Buddhist monasteries.
• Pratiharas: They continued the practice of land grants, with the king holding ultimate ownership and bestowing land upon Brahmins and temples.

However, the Gupta period is characterized by a more widespread and formalized system of these grants, contributing significantly to the socio-economic and religious landscape of the time.

Sol. Pulakesin II, the renowned Chalukya ruler, is recorded to have received an embassy from the Persian king Khusrau II. This interaction, documented in both Indian and Persian sources, reflects the diplomatic and cultural exchanges between India and Persia during the early medieval period. Pulakesin II’s reign is notable for such international contacts, along with his military conquests and administrative achievements.

Sol. The Buddhist paintings at Bagh differ from those at Ajanta in that they are largely secular in character and provide rich insight into contemporary life. While the Ajanta paintings predominantly depict religious themes such as Jataka tales and scenes from Buddha’s life, the Bagh cave murals focus more on court scenes, social customs, and daily activities. This shift reflects a broader narrative of cultural and artistic development during the later phase of Buddhist art.

Sol. The Damodarpur copper plate inscriptions from the Gupta period provide important details regarding the sale and donation of land. These records, issued by Gupta rulers, document the legal aspects of land transactions, including names of donors, recipients, boundaries of the land, and terms of the grant. They serve as a vital source for understanding the administrative and economic structure of the Gupta Empire.

Sol. Prabhavati Gupta was the daughter of the prominent Gupta emperor Chandragupta II and his Naga princess wife, Kuberanaga. Kuberanaga was a princess of the Naga dynasty, a significant power in central India. Her marriage to Chandragupta II was a strategic alliance that expanded Gupta influence and territory. Prabhavati Gupta herself became a powerful figure, ruling as a regent for her young sons after the death of her husband, the Vakataka king Rudrasena II. Inscriptions and historical records clearly identify Kuberanaga as her mother.

Sol. Chandragupta II, also known as Vikramaditya, ascended the Gupta throne in the year 56 of the Gupta era, which corresponds to 375 CE. His reign marked the height of the Gupta Empire in terms of territorial expansion, cultural flourishing, and political stability. He is also remembered for his patronage of arts and literature and for defeating the Shakas in western India.

Sol. The six major schools of Indian philosophy—Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimansa, and Vedanta—reached their mature and systematic form during the Gupta period. This era is often regarded as the golden age of Hindu philosophy due to the extensive scholarly activity, codification of thought, and development of foundational texts associated with these philosophical traditions.

Sol. The epics Ramayana and Mahabharata were given their final literary form during the Gupta period. Although the core stories are much older and date back to earlier periods, the Gupta era saw the standardization and Sanskritization of these texts. This period’s cultural patronage and emphasis on classical Sanskrit literature facilitated the editing and compilation of these monumental works.

Sol. Skandagupta is credited with repairing the Sudarshana lake, originally constructed by Chandragupta Maurya. This lake, an important irrigation resource in Gujarat, had previously been restored during the reign of Rudradaman I. Skandagupta’s effort to repair it again illustrates the Gupta rulers’ concern for public welfare and infrastructure, as well as their continuity with earlier imperial traditions.

Sol. The silver coins issued by the Guptas were known as Rupaka. These coins were modeled after earlier Indo-Scythian and Kushana standards but were refined during the Gupta period. The Rupaka served as a standard currency for trade and taxation, reflecting the economic prosperity and administrative sophistication of the Gupta Empire.

Sol. The decimal numeral system, including the concept of zero, was developed in India during the Gupta period. Indian mathematicians such as Aryabhata and later Brahmagupta made significant contributions during this time. The concept of zero as a numeral and the positional value system revolutionized mathematics and eventually spread to the Islamic world and Europe, becoming foundational to modern arithmetic.

Sol. Kumaragupta I is traditionally credited with founding Nalanda University, one of the greatest centers of learning in ancient India. Though the university reached its zenith under later rulers, especially Harshavardhana, it was under Kumaragupta’s patronage that it was established and began to attract scholars from across Asia, particularly in the fields of Buddhism, philosophy, and logic.

Sol. Tamralipti, located in present-day West Bengal, was the key port that handled North Indian trade during the Gupta period. It served as a vital maritime link for trade with Southeast Asia and played a significant role in the export of goods like textiles, spices, and ivory. The strategic importance of Tamralipti helped bolster the Gupta economy and enhance cultural exchanges with other civilizations.

Sol. Nitisara, attributed to Kamandaka, is considered the Gupta equivalent of Kautilya’s Arthashastra. This treatise on statecraft and political ethics reflects the administrative sophistication and political ideals of the Gupta era. While Arthashastra was composed in an earlier period, Nitisara adapts similar principles within the context of Gupta polity and governance.

Sol. The Bagh caves in Madhya Pradesh contain the second known example of Gupta period cave paintings, alongside those at Ajanta. The Bagh murals are noted for their vivid portrayal of secular themes, elegance in execution, and reflection of contemporary courtly and social life, aligning stylistically with the Ajanta paintings but differing in thematic focus.

Sol. The Panchatantra, a collection of animal fables with moral lessons, was composed during the Gupta period. It is attributed to Vishnu Sharma and reflects the intellectual and literary richness of Gupta India. The work had a profound influence on global storytelling traditions, with translations spreading across Persia, the Arab world, and Europe.

Sol. The Sarnath inscription highlights the achievements of Kanishka, the most renowned Kushana ruler. He is credited with major contributions to Buddhist art, architecture, and the spread of Mahayana Buddhism. The inscription provides details about his reign and religious patronage, reflecting his importance in ancient Indian history.

Sol. The Alwars were Vaishnavaite saints prominent in South India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. They composed devotional hymns in praise of Lord Vishnu and played a crucial role in the Bhakti movement. Their influence extended to temple culture and Vaishnavism’s development in the region during the early medieval period.

Sol. Samudragupta is depicted on his coins playing the Veena, reflecting his cultural sophistication and patronage of the arts. This iconography highlights the Gupta ideal of the king as not only a warrior and administrator but also a connoisseur of music and literature, showcasing the period’s emphasis on artistic and intellectual excellence.

Sol. The Eran inscription of Bhanugupta, dated 510 AD, provides the earliest known epigraphic evidence of the practice of Sati in India. It records the act of a woman who immolated herself on her husband’s funeral pyre, indicating the emergence and social sanctioning of this ritual during the later Gupta period.

Sol. The statement that the Guptas issued more copper coins than the Kushanas is incorrect. While the Guptas are renowned for their extensive issuance of gold coins and also produced silver coins after the conquest of western India, their production of copper coins was relatively limited. In contrast, the Kushanas issued a greater volume of copper coins, reflecting broader monetary circulation among lower economic classes during their period.

Sol. Narasimhavarman I is considered the greatest Pallava ruler. Known for his military successes, including the defeat of the Chalukya king Pulakesin II, he also contributed significantly to art and architecture, particularly at Mahabalipuram. His reign marked the zenith of Pallava power and cultural influence in South India.

Sol. Harisena, a court poet of Samudragupta, authored the Allahabad Pillar inscription. This inscription provides a detailed account of Samudragupta’s military conquests and administrative achievements. Written in Sanskrit and composed in a highly ornate style, it serves as a key historical source for understanding Gupta political history.

Sol. Narasimhavarman I is credited with founding and developing the city of Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram). The port city became a hub of Pallava architecture and is famous for its rock-cut temples and monolithic sculptures, showcasing Dravidian architectural innovation under Pallava patronage.

Sol. The rivalry to capture South India’s foreign trade with China and Southeast Asia was not a primary cause of the continuous conflict between the Cholas and the Chalukyas of Kalyan. The key reasons were geopolitical tensions, succession disputes, and the rivalry involving the Chalukyas of Vengi. While trade interests existed, they were not the direct or principal cause of the prolonged warfare.

Sol. The Hunas began to pose a serious threat to the Gupta Empire during the reign of Kumaragupta I. Although the major confrontations occurred under Skandagupta, it was toward the end of Kumaragupta’s reign that Huna incursions began, signaling the beginning of external pressures that would later destabilize the empire.

Sol. The emergence of strong centralized political authority is not associated with the feudal formation of the Gupta and post-Gupta periods. On the contrary, this era is characterized by decentralization, the rise of landed intermediaries, a dependent peasantry, and a decline in urban trade networks, all of which supported a localized, agrarian-based feudal structure.

Sol. The guild mentioned in the Mandsore inscription of Kumaragupta is the Tantuwaya, or the weavers’ guild. This inscription provides evidence of organized professional communities and their role in economic life during the Gupta period. It also highlights the role of guilds in religious and charitable activities through donations and temple construction.

Sol. Kaumudi Mahotsava is a Sanskrit play that provides insights into the political history of Magadha. While the exact date and details of Vajjika’s life are somewhat debated among historians, she is widely recognized as the author of this significant literary work.

Therefore, when faced with this question, you should confidently select Vajjika as the writer of Kaumudi Mahotsava.

Sol. Vishnugopa was the ruler of Kanchi during the time of Samudragupta. He is mentioned in the Allahabad Pillar inscription as one of the southern kings defeated by Samudragupta during his southern campaign. This illustrates the extent of Samudragupta’s conquests and his influence over the southern states through military expeditions and subsequent political subjugation.

Sol. Chandragupta II is referred to as “Lichchhavi Dauhitra” in Gupta inscriptions, meaning the daughter’s son of the Lichchhavis. His mother Kumaradevi belonged to the Lichchhavi clan, and this matrilineal reference was used to legitimize his rule and emphasize the dynastic alliance between the Guptas and the prestigious Lichchhavi lineage, enhancing the political stature of his reign.

Sol. Bakhtiyar Khilji, a general of the Delhi Sultanate under Muhammad Ghori, destroyed the Nalanda University in 1202 AD. His attack led to the burning of libraries and the end of Nalanda as a major center of Buddhist learning. This marked a significant decline in Indian monastic and scholarly traditions that had flourished for centuries.

Sol. The officer responsible for the safe custody of land records during the Gupta period was known as Karanika. These officials were in charge of maintaining administrative documents, including land grants, revenue records, and legal transactions. Their role was critical in the functioning of the revenue and administrative machinery of the Gupta Empire.

Sol. The largest scale expansion of agricultural land occurred during the Gupta age. This period saw the proliferation of land grants to Brahmanas and temples, clearance of forests for cultivation, and the settlement of new agrarian villages. These developments were closely tied to the rise of a feudal economy and the decentralization of administrative control.

Sol. The Gupta Empire (circa 320 CE to 550 CE) was a significant power in ancient India, known for its advancements in various fields, including its sophisticated administrative system. Understanding the roles of different officials is crucial to grasping the empire’s governance.

Analyzing the Options:

• Administrator of village: Village administration in the Gupta period was primarily handled by local bodies like the grama sabha (village assembly) and officials such as the gramika or gramadhyaksha. While higher officials might have had oversight, the Purpala is not typically associated with direct village administration.
• Administrator of town: Some interpretations suggest a link between the Purpala and urban administration, potentially overseeing the Nagararakshaka (city protector). However, the primary association in broader historical consensus points to a different role.
• Administrator of capital: The administration of the capital city, Pataliputra for a significant part of the Gupta period, would likely have involved a specialized set of high-ranking officials directly reporting to the emperor. The term Purpala is not prominently featured in this context.
• Administrator of conquered territories: This option aligns most strongly with the available historical interpretations. As the Gupta Empire expanded through conquests, the need for officials to manage and integrate these new regions would have been paramount.

Evidence and Reasoning:

Several historical sources and scholarly analyses indicate that the Purpala was primarily responsible for the administration of newly conquered territories. This role would have involved:

• Establishing Governance: Setting up administrative structures in the newly acquired regions.
• Maintaining Order: Ensuring peace and suppressing any resistance.
• Revenue Collection: Organizing and overseeing the collection of taxes and tributes.
• Integration: Gradually incorporating the conquered territories into the Gupta administrative framework.
• Appointment: Often, the Purpala might have been a trusted royal official or, in some cases, a cooperative local ruler who was integrated into the Gupta system.

While the exact scope and powers of the Purpala might have varied depending on the specific territory and time period, their core function appears to have been the management of newly acquired lands.

Conclusion:

Based on the prevailing historical understanding of the Gupta administrative system, the Purpala was primarily the Administrator of conquered territories.

Sol. The Mandasor inscription was composed by Vatsabhatta. It commemorates the construction of a sun temple by a guild of silk weavers during the reign of Kumaragupta. The inscription provides valuable information about guild organization, temple patronage, and the economic life of the period.

Sol. Skandagupta is known to have repaired the Sudarshan Lake for the second time. Originally built during the Mauryan period and first restored by the Saka ruler Rudradaman, Skandagupta’s restoration effort reflects his commitment to public welfare and infrastructure, even during times of external threats such as the Huna invasions.

Sol. V.A. Smith, a British historian, referred to Samudragupta as the “Indian Napoleon” due to his extensive military conquests and strategic prowess. This comparison, while Eurocentric, was intended to emphasize the scale and success of Samudragupta’s campaigns across India, as documented in the Allahabad Pillar inscription.

Sol. Samudragupta granted permission to Meghavarman, the ruler of Sri Lanka, to build a Buddhist monastery at Gaya. This event, recorded in inscriptions, underscores the diplomatic relations between India and Sri Lanka and also highlights Samudragupta’s tolerant and inclusive religious policies, despite being a devotee of Vishnu.

Sol. Charaka Samhita did not belong to the Gupta period; it predates it. This foundational Ayurvedic text was composed during the early centuries BCE, traditionally attributed to Charaka, who lived in the Mauryan era. In contrast, works like Amarakosa, Abhijnanashakuntalam, and Mrichhakatikam either originated in or were popular during the Gupta period, reflecting the era’s literary and intellectual brilliance.

Sol. The Chinese pilgrim Fa-hien visited India in the 5th century AD, during the reign of Chandragupta II. His travel accounts provide valuable information about the social, religious, and administrative conditions of the Gupta Empire. Fa-hien’s focus on Buddhist monasteries and Indian urban life offers a foreign perspective on the empire’s cultural vibrancy.

Sol. The term Vishti refers to forced labor, typically imposed on peasants and lower-class populations in ancient Indian society. It was a form of compulsory service used for state projects such as construction, military logistics, and agricultural work. The practice became increasingly institutionalized during the Gupta period as part of the feudal economic framework.

Sol. Ashtanga Hridaya, a foundational Ayurvedic text, was authored by Vagbhata. Composed around the 7th century AD, the text synthesizes the teachings of earlier scholars like Charaka and Sushruta. It systematized medical knowledge into a concise and accessible format and became one of the most influential texts in traditional Indian medicine.

Sol. The Pala kings, particularly Dharmapala and Devapala, were the greatest royal patrons of Nalanda University. Under their reign, the university flourished as a global center for Buddhist learning, attracting students and scholars from across Asia. Their endowments and support helped maintain Nalanda’s prestige well into the early medieval period.

Sol. According to the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang, around 10,000 students were enrolled at Nalanda University during his visit in the 7th century AD. He described it as a thriving center of education with a rigorous admission process, high scholarly standards, and comprehensive curriculum in both Buddhist and secular subjects.

Sol. The most controversial aspect of the treaty of 303 BCE between Chandragupta Maurya and Seleucus I is the claim that Seleucus gave his daughter in marriage to Chandragupta. This point lacks conclusive historical evidence and is debated among scholars. The other terms of the treaty, such as territorial concessions and the gift of elephants, are better documented.

Sol. None of the listed individuals held the title ‘Amoghavarsha’. The title was borne by a ruler of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, Amoghavarsha I, who reigned in the 9th century AD. He was known for his patronage of literature and Jainism and ruled from the Deccan region, with Malkhed as his capital.

Sol. Brihatsamhita, a comprehensive treatise on astronomy, astrology, geography, and various sciences, was authored by Varahamihira during the Gupta period. The work reflects the scientific and intellectual advancements of the era and integrates both Indian and Hellenistic knowledge systems.

Sol. Harisena was the court poet of Samudragupta and the author of the Allahabad Pillar inscription. His composition in ornate Sanskrit praises Samudragupta’s military campaigns and virtues, serving both as an official record and as a piece of literary art that exemplifies the poetic style of the Gupta court.

Sol. The travel account of Fa-hien is known as Fo-kwo-ki (also spelled Foguoji), which translates to “Record of the Buddhist Kingdoms.” This account provides valuable observations on Indian society, religion, and governance during the Gupta period, especially under Chandragupta II. Fa-hien focused heavily on Buddhist institutions and monastic life.

Sol. The Trayipurusha Temple at Salotgi, located in present-day Karnataka, was also a renowned center of higher education. Inscriptions mention that it functioned like a university, with numerous students and teachers engaged in religious and secular learning. It illustrates how temple institutions played a dual role in spiritual and educational life in early medieval India.

Sol. Amarsingh, a scholar during the Gupta period, authored the Amarkosha, a Sanskrit thesaurus. It is one of the earliest and most famous lexicographical works in India, widely used in traditional Sanskrit education. The text classifies synonyms, homonyms, and subjects, reflecting the structured linguistic study of the time.

Sol. Dhanvantari was a renowned physician and is considered the god of Ayurveda in Indian tradition. He is said to have emerged during the churning of the ocean (Samudra Manthan) and is credited with foundational contributions to medical science in ancient India. Dhanvantari is revered as a divine figure in the history of Indian medicine.

Sol. Tamralipti, located in present-day West Bengal, was the main port handling North Indian trade during the Gupta period. It facilitated maritime commerce with Southeast Asia and was a significant hub for the export of textiles, spices, and other goods. Both Fa-hien and later Chinese travelers referred to Tamralipti in their accounts.

Sol. Samudragupta is believed to have ascended the throne around 330 AD, following the reign of his father, Chandragupta I. His coronation marked the beginning of a highly successful military and administrative career, making him one of the most celebrated rulers of the Gupta dynasty.

Sol. Understanding the Reign of Samudragupta: Samudragupta was a significant ruler of the Gupta Empire in ancient India. His reign is crucial for understanding the expansion and consolidation of the Gupta power. Determining the precise dates of his rule requires consulting reliable historical sources.

Analyzing the Provided Options and Scholarly Consensus:

Based on the prevailing scholarly consensus and a review of reputable historical sources, the reign of Samudragupta is generally placed around 335 CE to 380 CE.

Let’s evaluate the provided options in light of this:

• 375-396 A. D.: This period is widely attributed to the reign of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya, Samudragupta’s successor.
• 370-380 A. D.: This range aligns with the later part of Samudragupta’s reign, but doesn’t encompass its beginning.
• 380-398 A. D.: This period falls entirely after the generally accepted end of Samudragupta’s rule and corresponds to the reign of Chandragupta II.
• 330-375 A. D.: This range is the closest to the generally accepted period of 335-380 CE for Samudragupta’s rule, encompassing its approximate beginning and end.

Conclusion:

While the most consistently cited range for Samudragupta’s rule is 335-380 CE, the option that best approximates this period among the choices provided is 330-375 A. D. It’s important to acknowledge that historical dates can sometimes have slight variations across different sources, but this option is the closest fit.

Sol. Navanitakam is a medical text from the Gupta period. It compiles practical information on Ayurveda, including treatments, herbs, and formulations, and reflects the era’s advanced medical knowledge. This text contributed to the broader corpus of Indian medicinal literature during the classical period.

Sol. There are approximately 48 inscriptions attributed to the Gupta period. These inscriptions, found on pillars, copper plates, and temple walls, provide critical insights into the political history, administrative systems, social structure, land grants, and religious patronage of the Gupta rulers.

Sol. The Gupta Empire was a significant power in ancient India. Determining the precise duration of their rule can vary slightly depending on the historical sources and the specific timeframe considered (e.g., from the rise of the early Gupta rulers to the decline of the later ones, or the period of their most significant influence over North India).

Analyzing Available Information:

Based on the information from the Doubtnut link you previously provided, that source indicates a ruling period of 330 years for the Gupta kings in North India. While general historical timelines often place the Gupta Empire’s significant influence from the early 4th century CE to the late 6th century CE (approximately 320 CE to 550 CE, which is about 230 years), the Doubtnut source explicitly states 330 years.

Conclusion:

To provide a final answer consistent with the information from the source you referenced, the period of rule of the Gupta kings in North India is given as 330 years.

Sol. Harisena was the court poet of Samudragupta. He authored the Allahabad Pillar Inscription, which glorifies Samudragupta’s military conquests and administrative capabilities. The inscription, written in ornate Sanskrit prose and verse, is an essential source for understanding the political history of the Gupta Empire.

Sol. Nitisara was written by Kamandaka. This treatise on statecraft and political ethics draws heavily from Kautilya’s Arthashastra but adapts its principles for the Gupta political context. It was widely read as a manual of governance and ideal rulership during and after the Gupta period.

Sol. The gold coins issued during the Gupta period were called Niska. These coins often bore images of rulers engaged in various activities such as hunting or playing musical instruments, and they reflect the prosperity and artistic sophistication of the Gupta economy.

Sol. The majority of Gupta emperors patronised Vaishnavism, as evidenced by inscriptions, coinage, and religious iconography. While they were tolerant of other religions like Buddhism and Jainism, their personal devotion was primarily directed toward Vishnu, and many rulers adopted titles such as Paramabhagavata (devotee of Vishnu).

Sol. The Ajanta cave paintings belong to the Gupta–Vakataka period. These murals, primarily depicting scenes from the Jataka tales and Buddhist themes, are renowned for their aesthetic quality, rich colors, and intricate detailing. They reflect the high level of artistic and religious life during the 5th and 6th centuries AD.

Sol. The Sultanganj Buddha, a large bronze statue, belongs to the Gupta period. It reflects the advanced metallurgical techniques and the refined iconography of Buddhist art during this era. The statue is considered a masterpiece of Gupta metalwork and religious sculpture.

Sol. Harivamsa Purana was written by Jinasena Suri, a Jain scholar. This work is distinct from the Harivamsa of Hindu tradition and forms part of Jain literature, chronicling religious legends and doctrines in classical Sanskrit.

Sol. The Guptas patronised Sanskrit, making it the official and literary language of the empire. Most inscriptions, official documents, and literary works from this period were composed in Sanskrit, leading to its classical development and cultural prominence during the Gupta age.

Sol. Aryabhatta wrote Aryabhatiyam and is associated with contributions that influenced the later compilation of Suryasiddhanta. While Suryasiddhanta is a composite text with multiple contributors, Aryabhatta’s foundational work laid the groundwork for future astronomical studies in India.

Sol. Bhaskaracharya (Bhaskara I and Bhaskara II) wrote the Siddhanta Shiromani, a major text in Indian mathematics and astronomy. The work is divided into four parts: Lilavati (arithmetic), Bijaganita (algebra), Grahaganita (planetary math), and Goladhyaya (spherical astronomy), showcasing his deep scientific acumen.

Sol. Kamasutra was written by Vatsyayana during the Gupta period. It is an ancient Indian text on human sexual behavior, love, and social relationships. The treatise is not only a manual on love but also provides insights into the urban life, gender roles, and social norms of Gupta society.

Sol. Varahamihira wrote the Brihat Samhita, a renowned treatise on astronomy and related disciplines during the Gupta age. The text covers a wide array of subjects including astrology, planetary movements, architecture, weather forecasting, and rituals, reflecting the scientific and encyclopedic spirit of the period.

Sol. Hastivarman, the Vengi king, was defeated by Samudragupta during his southern campaign. This is mentioned in the Allahabad Pillar inscription, which records Samudragupta’s military victories and political dominance over various regional rulers, including those in the Deccan and southern India.

Sol. Khanda-Khadyaka was authored by Brahmagupta, a notable mathematician and astronomer of the post-Gupta period. The work deals with astronomical calculations and corrections for planetary positions, showcasing the advanced state of Indian astronomy in continuity with Gupta-era scholarship.

Sol. Samudragupta is depicted on his coins playing the Veena, indicating his proficiency in music and patronage of the arts. This portrayal aligns with the Gupta ideal of the ruler as a versatile individual skilled in both warfare and culture.

Sol. Chandragupta II, also known as Vikramaditya, is credited with defeating the Sakas (Western Kshatrapas) and annexing their territories, including Gujarat and Malwa. This victory significantly expanded the Gupta Empire and established its control over important trade routes.

Sol. Pulakesin II belonged to the Chalukya dynasty. He ruled from Badami and is known for resisting the northern expansion of Harshavardhana and for his patronage of art and architecture in the Deccan region.

Sol. Chandragupta I was the founder of the Gupta dynasty. His accession around 320 AD marked the beginning of the Gupta Era. Through strategic matrimonial alliances, especially with the Lichchhavis, he laid the foundation for a powerful and enduring empire.

Sol. Kumaragupta I assumed the title Mahendraditya. His reign is noted for stability and continued prosperity, as well as for founding the Nalanda University. Titles like Mahendraditya signified both political sovereignty and religious devotion, especially toward Vishnu.

Sol. The Gupta Era began in 320 A.D., marking the coronation of Chandragupta I and the start of Gupta political ascendancy. This era was later used as a dating system in inscriptions and official records throughout and beyond the Gupta domain.

Sol. Mahendra, the Kosala king, was defeated by Samudragupta during his southern campaign. This is recorded in the Allahabad Pillar inscription, which lists Mahendra among the kings who submitted or were subjugated by Samudragupta’s military expeditions, reflecting his dominance over central and southern India.

Sol. The correct chronological order of Gupta emperors is: 2. Chandragupta I → 1. Samudragupta → 4. Chandragupta II → 3. Skandagupta. This sequence reflects the political consolidation and expansion of the Gupta Empire, beginning with Chandragupta I’s rise in 320 AD and culminating in Skandagupta’s defensive campaigns against the Hunas.

Sol. The Allahabad Prashasti was written in Sanskrit and composed by the court poet Harisena. It uses classical Sanskrit in a highly ornate poetic style to eulogize Samudragupta’s achievements, making it an important literary and historical document of the Gupta era.

Sol. The Eran Inscription provides the earliest inscriptional evidence of the practice of Sati during the Gupta period. It mentions the self-immolation of a woman on her husband’s funeral pyre, illustrating the emergence of this custom as part of the social norms of the time.

Sol. The main officers at the village level during the Gupta period were Gramika (village headman) and Bhojak (a kind of revenue officer or elder). These local administrators were responsible for the collection of taxes, maintenance of law and order, and implementation of royal directives in rural areas.

Sol. Vikramorvashiyam and Malavikagnimitram are the two plays that Kalidasa is believed to have written before composing Abhijnanashakuntalam. These earlier works helped establish his reputation as a dramatist and showcase his evolving mastery over Sanskrit drama and classical aesthetics.

Sol. Kumaragupta I was the son of Chandragupta II. He succeeded his father and maintained the empire’s stability, and is particularly noted for founding Nalanda University and defending the empire against early Huna incursions.

Sol. Chandragupta I started the Gupta Era in 320 AD upon ascending the throne. His reign marked the beginning of Gupta political ascendancy and the formal commencement of a calendar era used in later inscriptions and records.

Sol. Samudragupta was an expert musician, famously depicted on his coins playing the Veena. This representation reflects the Gupta ideal of a cultured monarch, skilled in both warfare and the fine arts, including music and poetry.

Sol. The University of Nalanda was established by Kumaragupta I. It emerged as a premier center for Buddhist learning and attracted scholars from across Asia. His patronage laid the foundation for its later growth under rulers like Harsha and the Pala kings.

Sol. The normal rate of interest on loans during the Gupta period was around 20% per annum. This rate is recorded in several legal and administrative texts of the time, and it varied depending on the type of borrower and the purpose of the loan. Higher rates were sometimes applied in commercial or risk-based contexts.

Sol. Vishnugopa, the Pallava king of Kanchi, was defeated by Samudragupta during his southern campaign. This conquest is documented in the Allahabad Pillar inscription, which lists Vishnugopa among the rulers who were subdued and later reinstated as subordinate allies.

Sol. Samudragupta held the title Kaviraja, meaning “King of Poets.” He was not only a powerful military ruler but also a patron of literature and the arts, and his own compositions earned him this literary distinction, as recorded in contemporary inscriptions.

Sol. Devi Chandraguptam was written by Vishakhadatta. Although the full text has not survived, references to the drama indicate it narrated the story of Chandragupta II and highlighted themes of political intrigue and dynastic succession, typical of Vishakhadatta’s style.

Sol. The capital of the Gupta Empire was Pataliputra, located in present-day Bihar. As a historical and cultural center, it served as the administrative headquarters and symbolized the political power of the Gupta dynasty.

Sol. The Guptas primarily patronised Hinduism, particularly Vaishnavism. However, they were also tolerant of other religions like Buddhism and Jainism. Their inscriptions and coinage frequently depict Hindu deities, affirming their dedication to Brahmanical traditions.

Sol. Fa-Hien’s mission to India was to visit Buddhist institutions and collect Buddhist manuscripts. He travelled extensively through India, particularly in the Gangetic plain, and documented his observations on monastic life, religious practices, and socio-economic conditions.

Sol. Amarakosha was written by Amar Singh (also known as Amarasimha). It is a classical Sanskrit thesaurus, organized thematically, and remains an important linguistic and lexicographical work in Indian literature.

Sol. Vishnugupta is considered the last known ruler of the Gupta dynasty. His reign saw the final decline of Gupta power due to internal weaknesses and external invasions, particularly by the Hunas and other regional powers.

Sol. Chandragupta II Vikramaditya was the son of Samudragupta. He succeeded his father and continued to expand and consolidate the Gupta Empire. His reign is marked by military success, cultural patronage, and prosperity.

Sol. The Mehrauli Iron Pillar inscription, located in Delhi, is attributed to Chandragupta II of the Gupta dynasty. The Sanskrit inscription in Brahmi script praises the king’s valor and military achievements. The pillar is also notable for its rust-resistant composition, showcasing advanced metallurgical skills of the Gupta era.

Sol. Kalidasa is often referred to as the Indian Shakespeare due to the universal appeal, poetic elegance, and dramatic excellence of his literary works. His contributions to classical Sanskrit literature, especially in drama and poetry, have had a lasting influence on Indian and world literature.

Sol. Kalidasa wrote all three major Sanskrit dramas: Vikramorvasiyam, Abhijnana Shakuntalam, and Malavikagnimitram. These plays exemplify his poetic genius and are centered on themes of love, destiny, and royal life, often based on mythological and historical narratives.

Sol. The correct match is:
A – 2 (Chalukya of Gujarat – Anhilwad)
B – 1 (Kalachuris of Chedi – Tripuri)
C – 4 (Paramaras of Malwa – Dhara)
D – 3 (Chahmans of Shakambhari – Ajmer)
These capitals were political centers for their respective dynasties during the early medieval period, playing crucial roles in regional politics and culture.

Sol. Kalidasa’s poetical works include Meghasandesha, Kumarasambhavam, and Raghuvamsam. Each of these is a masterpiece of Sanskrit literature, demonstrating his command over language, imagery, and classical themes. They are cornerstones of Indian kavya (poetic) tradition.

Sol. The Gupta period is considered a high-water mark for sculpture. Artistic expression reached new heights in both religious and secular forms, with intricately carved temples, bronze statues like the Sultanganj Buddha, and the development of the classical style in Indian art.

Sol. The correct matches between Gupta kings and their queens are:
1 – Kumaradevi (wife of Chandragupta I)
2 – Dattadevi (wife of Samudragupta)
3 – Dhruvadevi (wife of Chandragupta II)
These queens are mentioned in various inscriptions and played notable roles in dynastic alliances and royal lineage.

Sol. The rulers of provinces during the Gupta period were known as Uparikas. These officials were appointed by the king to govern larger administrative units called Bhuktis (provinces). Uparikas were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and supervising local administration under the central authority.

Sol. The Aihole inscription of Pulakesin II, composed by his court poet Ravikirti, details his military successes, including his victory over Harshavardhana. This inscription is a vital source for understanding the Deccan politics of the 7th century and the rivalry between the Chalukyas and northern powers.

Sol. During the Gupta age, diamonds were the most extensively traded precious stones in foreign markets. India was historically renowned for its diamond mines, particularly in central India, and these stones were highly valued in both domestic and international trade networks.

Sol. Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang), a Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar, visited India during the reign of Harshavardhana and also met Kumar Bhaskar Varma of Kamrupa. His detailed travelogue provides rich information about the political, religious, and cultural conditions of 7th-century India.

Sol. The correct matches are:
1 – Kshetra (Cultivated land)
2 – Khila (Waste land)
3 – Aprahta (Forest land)
These classifications appear in land grant inscriptions and administrative records from the Gupta period, reflecting the agrarian and land-use structure of the time.

Sol. Pulakesin II, the Chalukya king of Badami, successfully checked Harshavardhana’s southern campaign. This defeat is commemorated in the Aihole inscription and marked a significant moment when the northern emperor’s expansion was halted in the Deccan.

Sol. The correct match is:
A – 3 (Chandragupta Maurya – 321–297 B.C.)
B – 4 (Bindusara – 297–272 B.C.)
C – 2 (Ashoka – 269–232 B.C.)
D – 1 (Brihadratha – 232–185 B.C.)
These dates represent the reigns of the key Mauryan rulers as reconstructed from literary sources and inscriptions.

Sol. Sanskrit was the official language during the Gupta period. It was used in inscriptions, court literature, religious texts, and administrative documents. The period saw a renaissance in classical Sanskrit literature, with figures like Kalidasa and Aryabhatta contributing to its prominence.

Sol. Pair 1 and 3 are correct. The grand image of Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana is found at Ajanta, where it is portrayed with emotional depth, including celestial beings and mourning disciples. The “Arjuna’s Penance”/”Descent of Ganga” is a monumental rock relief at Mamallapuram. However, the Varaha sculpture depicting Vishnu rescuing the Earth is located at Udayagiri, not Mount Abu.

Sol. Varanasi was renowned for its silk production during the Gupta reign. The city was a flourishing center for textile manufacturing and trade, especially known for its fine silk garments and luxurious fabrics, which were in high demand both domestically and abroad.

Sol. The influence of Gandhara art is not seen in the Ajanta cave paintings. Ajanta murals belong to the classical Indian style with fluid lines, expressive faces, and dynamic compositions. Unlike Gandhara art, which has Greco-Roman influences and sculptural style, Ajanta paintings are distinctly Indian and focused on Buddhist themes and courtly life.

Sol. Aihole, Allahabad Pillar, and Junagarh inscriptions are prashastis, or royal eulogies. They praise the military and administrative achievements of Pulakesin II, Samudragupta, and Rudradaman respectively. Hathigumpha inscription is an autobiographical record of Kharavela but not composed in the literary style of a prashasti.

Sol. Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct about Rajendra Chola I. He assumed the title Gangaikondachola after his successful northern expedition, reportedly conquered the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and commemorated his victories by constructing monuments like the Gangaikondacholapuram Temple. However, his father, Rajaraja Chola I, is regarded as the real founder of the Chola Empire’s imperial phase.

Sol. The themes of Ajanta murals include decorative designs (flora, fauna), portraits of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, and narrative scenes from Jataka stories. These elements together showcase religious devotion and daily life through elaborate, expressive compositions in a unified artistic style.

Sol. Statement 2 is false. Gupta provincial governors (Uparikas) were appointed by the central authority and not independent. While the king had direct military control, villages were indeed the lowest administrative units, and subjects generally had freedom of movement. Hence, statement 2 is the only incorrect assertion about Gupta administration.

Sol. Pairs 1, 2, and 3 are correctly matched. Charasada is near Pushkalavati, Sirkap is a site in Taxila, and Nagarjunakonda corresponds to Vijayapuri, the capital of the Ikshvaku dynasty. However, Ter is not associated with Tamralipti; Ter is in Maharashtra, while Tamralipti was a prominent port in Bengal.

Sol. Analyzing the Statements with Corrected Historical Information:

Let’s re-evaluate each statement based on established historical and numismatic understanding:

(1) The Guptas issued the largest number of gold coins in the Gupta period.

This statement is incorrect. While the Gupta period saw a significant and artistically rich output of gold coins, the Kushan dynasty, who ruled prior to and were contemporary with parts of the Gupta empire, are widely recognized as having issued the largest hoards of gold coins in ancient India. The Gupta “rain of gold” was substantial but did not surpass the Kushan volume.

(2) Chandragupta I issued Kaumaradevi type of coins.  

This statement is correct. Chandragupta I’s marriage to the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi is commemorated on a distinct type of gold coin featuring their joint images and names.  

(3) Chandragupta II issued silver coins for the first time among the Gupta.  

This statement is correct. Chandragupta II introduced silver coinage to the Gupta realm following his conquest of the Western Kshatrapas. These early Gupta silver coins were often influenced by Kshatrapa designs.  

(4) Samudragupta coins are known for their purity.

This statement is correct. Samudragupta’s gold coinage is generally characterized by a high level of gold purity and sophisticated artistic execution.

Selecting the Correct Answer:

Based on this corrected analysis, statements (2), (3), and (4) are true, while statement (1) is false. Therefore, the correct code is:

• 2, 3 and 4

Sol. Correct match:
A – 4 (Vikramaditya II: 733–744 AD)
B – 1 (Pulakesin II: 610–642 AD, Aihole inscription dated 634 AD)
C – 2 (Harshavardhana: 606–647 AD)
D – 3 (Samudragupta: circa 335 AD)
This correctly places each ruler in their historical timeline.

Sol. The Gupta period is called the Golden Age of India due to: 1) flourishing foreign trade, 2) peace and prosperity, and 3) significant scientific developments in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. All these contributed to a high level of cultural and economic achievement.

Sol. Both statements are correct. Pulakesin II’s brother Kubja Vishnuvardhana founded the Eastern Chalukya dynasty in Vengi. The Aihole inscription in Sanskrit, composed by the poet Ravikirti, praises Pulakesin II’s achievements, including his victory over Harshavardhana.

Sol. The post-Gupta period saw 1) large-scale land grants, 2) undermining of communal rights, and 3) subjection of peasants. These were features of the feudal agrarian structure that emerged, leading to decentralization and increased landlord dominance.

Sol. The Saptanga theory from the Arthashastra includes the king (Swamin), ministers (Amatya), territory (Janapada), fort (Durga), treasury (Kosha), army (Danda), and allies (Mitra). These were considered essential elements of a strong and functioning state.

Sol. Both statements are correct. Chandragupta I married Kumaradevi, a Licchavi princess, and established the Gupta dynasty around 320 AD. His realm included Saketa, Prayag, and Magadha, forming the core of the emerging Gupta Empire.

Sol. Chronological order:
3. Lagadh (author of early Jyotisha texts)
1. Aryabhatta (5th century)
4. Varahamihira (6th century)
2. Brahmagupta (7th century)
This sequence reflects the development of astronomical knowledge over time in ancient India.

Sol. All statements are correct. Samudragupta was known as Kaviraja for his literary talent, was called Lichchhavi Dauhitra (grandson of a Lichchhavi), and established the most extensive empire in India after Ashoka, as described in the Allahabad Pillar Inscription.

Sol. Let’s match the dynasties in List-I with their corresponding states in List-II:

A.Kadamba – The Kadamba dynasty was a significant power that originated in the region of present-day Karnataka. So, A matches with 2.
B. Kharavela – Kharavela was the most prominent ruler of the Mahameghavahana dynasty that controlled Odisha (Kalinga). So, B matches with 1.
C. Chalukya – The Chalukya dynasty had multiple branches, but a prominent one, the Western Chalukyas, ruled a large part of the Deccan, including areas of present-day Karnataka and parts of Gujarat and other states. However, given the other options and the primary association, we’ll hold this for now.
D. Pala – The Pala Empire was a major power that flourished in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, encompassing regions of present-day Bengal and Bihar. So, D matches with 3.
Now let’s revisit Chalukya. Given the other clear matches, and considering the early Chalukyas also had connections to Karnataka, if we have to make a single best fit from the remaining option (4. Gujarat), it’s less direct than their association with Karnataka. However, there were later Chalukya branches that did rule parts of Gujarat (like the Solankis, who were a Chalukya branch).

Therefore, the pairings are: A – 2 (Karnataka) B – 1 (Odisha) D – 3 (Bengal) G – 4 (Gujarat)

So, the correct code for ABCD is 2 1 4 3.

Sol. Ajanta Caves and Lepakshi Temple are renowned for their mural paintings. Sanchi Stupa, while an important Buddhist site, is known more for its architecture and sculptures rather than murals. Hence, only Ajanta and Lepakshi are noted for mural art.