Salient features of the Constitution MCQ Questions and Answers

Option a is incorrect. The system of checks and balances enables each of the three branches of government to limit the powers of the others. Th is way, no one branch becomes too powerful.

Option b is incorrect. The system of checks and balances is antithetical to the system of separation of powers and not division of powers. Separation of powers refer to the segregation of powers between various organs of the state, viz., the executive, legislature and the judiciary. The concept of division of powers refer to the segregation of powers between various levels of the government, viz., the centre, the states and local governments.

Option c is correct. Article 13 is an example of the system of checks and balances in India. It is related to concept of judicial review where the judiciary can strike down laws made by the parliament that are deemed ultra-vires to the constitution.

Option d is incorrect. Single party majority in the parliament weakens the system of checks and balances as the executive and legislature both are controlled by a single entity or a single political party.

Option 1 is incorrect, The provisions of Fundamental rights, independence of judiciary, judicial review, impeachment of the president, removal of Supreme Court and high court judges and post of vice president etc. has been borrowed from US constitution.

Statement 2 is correct, The provisions of Federal Scheme, Office of governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency provisions and administrative details are borrowed from Government of India Act,1935.

Statement 3 is incorrect, The provisions of Concurrent List, freedom of trade, commerce and inter-course, and joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament are borrowed from Australian constitution.

Statement 4 is incorrect, The provisions of Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, legislative procedure, single citizenship, cabinet system, prerogative writs, parliamentary privileges and bicameralism, has been borrowed from British constitution.

Options a, b and c are incorrect. English is the language which is the official language of a state but is still not recognized in the 8th schedule of the Constitution of India. Similarly, Rajasthani language is still not included in the 8th scheduled of the Constitution. Recently the Government of Rajasthan has approached the Centre for its inclusion into the 8th Schedule.

Option d is correct. The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution specifies 22 languages (originally 14 languages). These are Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri (Dongri), Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Mathili (Maithili), Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi,
Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Sindhi was added by the 21st Amendment Act of 1967; Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were added by the 71st Amendment Act of 1992; and Bodo, Dongri, Maithili and Santhali were added by the 92nd Amendment Act of 2003.

Option a is incorrect. The Indian brand of socialism is a type of ‘democratic socialism’ and not a ‘communistic socialism’. Democratic socialism holds faith in a ‘mixed economy’ where both public and private sectors co-exist together.

Option b is correct. In Samatha vs. State of Andhra Pradesh, the Supreme Court defined socialism as the establishment of the egalitarian social order through the rule of law as the basic structure of the constitution. The Court laid emphasis on social justice to attain substantial degree of social, economic and political equality. The court furthered the idea of distributive justice to serve common good.

Option c is incorrect. Indian Socialism does not imply equal distribution of wealth among members. Option d is incorrect. Supreme Court in Nakara Case 1982, stated that Indian socialism is a blend of Marxism and Gandhism, leaning heavily towards Gandhism. It means that the State aims to achieve socialist ends by democratic means.

The term ‘Sovereign’ implies India is is neither a dependency nor a dominion. It is an independent state who is free to conduct its own affairs and there is no authority above it’. The term Republic implies the political sovereignty is vested on the people of India and there is absence of any privileged class. The term ‘Secularism’ implies the state shall not favor or promote any particular religion. The term ‘Democracy’ implies that the power of the government is based on the consent of the people. A democracy may not be a sovereign nation. For example, Hong Kong is considered as democracy however it is not a sovereign naton.

Statement 1 is incorrect. In legal philosophy, ‘originalism’ theory prescribes that while resolving disputes, judges should interpret the constitution as it was understood at the time it was ratified, irrespective of whether they personally agree or disagree with the outcome of a case, decided this way.
According to originalists, the meaning of the constitution is fixed at the time of its framing, either in the form of the meaning of the words used, or the intentions of the drafters. The job of the court is to stick to this original meaning.

Statement 2 is incorrect. The legal philosophy which is said to be the opposite of originalism is ‘living constitution’ or ‘modernism’. This theory, espoused by likes of the late Justice Ginsburg, believes that the constitution should be updated with times to encompass changing societal needs.

Option a is incorrect. Communistic socialism (also known as ‘state socialism’) which involves the nationalisation of all means of production and distribution and the abolition of private property.

Option b is incorrect. Capitalist Democracy follows the ideals of market economy and pursues the path of globalization towards economic integration of domestic markets.

Option c is correct. Democratic socialism holds faith in a ‘mixed economy’ where both public and private sectors co-exist side by side. As the Supreme Court says, ‘Democratic socialism aims to end poverty, ignorance, disease and inequality of opportunity. Indian socialism is a blend of Marxism and Gandhism, leaning heavily towards Gandhian socialism’.

Option d is incorrect. Socialist economies tend to lean heavily towards public sector to create economic equality within the capitalist setup.

Statement 1 is correct. ‘Negative liberty’ seeks to define and defend an area in which the individual would be inviolable, in which he or she could ‘do, be or become’ whatever he or she wished to ‘do, be or become’. This is an area in which no external authority can interfere. It is a minimum area that is sacred and in which whatever the individual does, is not to be interfered with. Th e existence of the ‘minimum area of non-interference’ is the recognition that human nature and human dignity need an area where the person can act unobstructed by others.

Statement 2 is correct. Positive liberty recognizes that an individual can be free only in society (not outside it) and hence tries to make that society such that it enables the development of the individual whereas negative liberty is only concerned with the inviolable area of non-interference and not with the conditions in society, outside this area, as such.

The concept of constitutionalism is that of a polity based on limited government and rule of law.
Constitutionalism if reflected in India by – Rule of law – The concept of Rule of Law finds full expression in the Indian Constitution. The Preamble reemphasizes on the high ideals of equality, justice, liberty and fraternity. Separation of power – In India, under Article 245,246 and Schedule VII there is a clear demarcation of legislative and executive power between union and state government.

Judicial review – In Article 13(2) of Indian Constitution, it is stated that the laws “which are inconsistent to part III of constitution shall be declared null and void”. The courts are entrusted with the task of deciding whether a law is constitutionally valid or not. Articles 32 and 226 entrusts the roles of the protector and guarantor of fundamental rights to the Supreme and High Courts.

Option a is incorrect. The parliamentary system is based on the principle of co-operation and co-ordination between the legislative and executive organs. Whereas the presidential system is based on the doctrine of separation of powers between the two organs.

Option b is incorrect. In the parliamentary system of government, there is a lack of continuity of policies. The parliamentary system is not conductive for the formulation and implementation of long-term policies owing to the uncertainty of the tenure of the government. A change in the ruling party is usually followed by changes in the policies of the government.

Option c is correct. The main characteristic of the Parliamentary form of government is that the executive remains responsible to the legislature for its policies and acts. The ministers are collectively responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular. The principle of collective responsibility implies that the Lok Sabha can remove the council of ministers headed by the prime minister from office by passing a vote of no confidence.

Option d is incorrect.. The Prime Minister can be changed without election if the Members of the Lok Sabha of the majority party choses another person to be its leader and thus the Prime Minister.

The concept of constitutionalism is that of a polity based on limited government and rule of law.
Constitutionalism if reflected in India by – Rule of law – The concept of Rule of Law finds full expression in the Indian Constitution. The Preamble reemphasizes on the high ideals of equality, justice, libertyand fraternity.

Separation of power – In India, under Article 245,246 and Schedule VII there is a clear demarcation of legislative and executive power between union and state government. Judicial review – In Article 13(2) of Indian Constitution, it is stated that the laws “which are inconsistent to part III of constitution shall be declared null and void”. The courts are entrusted with the task of deciding whether a law is constitutionally valid or not. Articles 32 and 226 entrusts the roles of the protector and guarantor of
fundamental rights to the Supreme and High Courts.

Option a is correct. In India, the state does not have any official religion. Article 15 states that the State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.

Option b is incorrect. There is no provision in the Constitution directing the State to remain neutral to
religious issues. The Constitution doesnt specifically ask the State to cooperate with the religious communities in respect to their faith affairs. The mandate is only for nondiscrimination between people on religious grounds.

Option c is correct. A secular state must be concerned equally with intra-religious domination, therefore Indian secularism has made room for and is compatible with the idea of state-supported religious reform. Ex- Indian constitution bans untouchability, reforms regarding child marriage etc.

Option d is correct. Indian secularism deals not only with religious freedom of individuals but also with religious freedom of minority communities. Religious minorities also have a right to exist and to maintain their own culture and educational institutions (Article 29 and 30).

Statement 1 is correct. Fundamental Rights ensure non-discrimination, abolish untouchability and positive discrimination by state to ensure upliftment of historical downtrodden section of society like schedule caste, Schedule tribe and OBC. Thus, it seeks to establish a welfare state.

Statement 2 is correct. Directive Principles of State Policy are meant for promoting the ideal of social and economic democracy. Thus, it seeks to establish a welfare state.

Statement 3 is incorrect. Fundamental Duties serve as a reminder to citizen that while enjoying their rights, they need to conscious of their duties. It does not seek to establish a welfare state.

Statement 4 is correct. Preamble enshrines justice in socio, economic and political sphere. Thus, it also seeks to establish a welfare state.

Statement 1 is correct. The power of Judicial review of the Supreme Court in India analyses the proceduralaspect as compared to procedural and substantiveaspect judged by the American Judiciary. But theAmerican Constitution does not explicitly mention theconcept of judicial review in any of its provisions.

Statement 2 is incorrect. The American Constitutionprovides for ‘due process of law’ against that of ‘procedureestablished by law’ which is contained in the IndianConstitution.

Pair 1 is incorrectly matched. The feature of concurrent list is borrowed from the Australian Constitution. Other features borrowed from the Australian Constitution are – freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse and jointsitting of the two Houses of Parliament.

Pair 2 is correctly matched. The feature of method of election of the president is borrowed from the Irish Constitution. Other features borrowed from the Irish Constitution are – Directive Principles of State Policy and nomination of members to Rajya Sabha.

Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. The feature of procedure established by law is borrowed from the Japanese Constitution.

Pair 4 is correctly matched. The feature of procedure for amendment of the Constitution is borrowed from the South African Constitution. Other feature borrowed from the South African Constitution is election ofmembers of Rajya Sabha.

Features of the Constitution of India that are borrowed from the Constitution of the United States –
Fundamental rights, independence of judiciary, judicial review, impeachment of the president, removal of
Supreme Court and high court judges and post of vicepresident. Features borrowed from the Constitution of Canada – Federation with a strong Centre, vesting of residuary powers in the Centre, appointment of state governors by the Centre, and advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme ourt. Features borrowed from the Constitution of USSR – Fundamental duties and the ideal of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble.

Pair 1-D is correct. The office of the Governor was borrowed from the Government of India Act

1935.Pair 2-A is correct. The advisory jurisdiction of Supreme court was borrowed from the Canadian constitution.

Pair 3-C is correct. The Joint sitting of two houses of Parliament was borrowed from the Australian
constitution.

Pair 4-B is correct The Election of members of Rajya Sabha was borrowed from the South African
constitution.

Pair 1 is correctly matched. Second Schedule contains the provisions relating to the emoluments, allowances, privileges of the President, Governors of States, Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in the states, Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council in the states, Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, Comptroller and Auditor General.

Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. Fourth Schedule contains the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and the union territories. Third Schedule contains the Forms of Oaths or Affirmations.

Pair 3 is correctly matched. Seventh Schedule relates to division of powers between the Union and the States in terms of List I (Union List), List II (State List) and List III (Concurrent List).

Pair 4 is incorrectly matched. Eleventh Schedule specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. It has 29 matters. This schedule was added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992. Twelfth Schedule specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities. It has 18 matters. This schedule was added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992.

There are three offices common in both Second and third Schedule. These are The Judges of the Supreme Court The Judges of the High Courts The Comptroller and Auditor- General of India The office of Prime Minister does not find mention in both third and fourth Schedule of the Constitution.

Statement 1 is correct. The Ninth Schedule was added to the constitution by the first Amendment (1951). It was created by the new Article 31B, which along with 31A was brought in by the government to protect 31A was brought in by the government laws related to agrarian reform and for abolishing the Zamindari system from judicial scrutiny.

Statement 2 is incorrect. In Coelho case (2007), popularly known as Ninth schedule case, upheld the
authority of the judiciary to review any law put in ninth schedule. Thus, the laws placed under the Ninth Schedule are now open to judicial review.

Statement 3 is incorrect. The Parliament has power to include the laws of parliament itself as well as laws of the state legislature into the ninth schedule.

The authority of the constitution is higher than that of the parliament because the constitution specifies how parliament is to be formed and what are its powers. Constitution is the source of authority for the parliament and not the vice-versa. Although Parliament can amend the constitution, but even the procedure for amendment is provided by the Constitution itself. Also, Parliament cannot alter the basic features of the Constitution. Constitution is supreme in its nature, and parliament is a part of the constitution from where it has inherited its powers. Constitution works as a boundary wall for the
parliament as the parliament cannot use its power beyond the level given to it by the constitution.

Option a is incorrect. Though the constitution was framed before the parliament came into being but this is not the correct reason as the Constitution can be changed and written anew as seen in France.

Option b is incorrect. We cannot say that constitution makers were more eminent leaders than the members of the parliament because eminency is subjective criteria.

Option d is incorrect. The constitution can be amended by the Parliament. However, Parliament cannot alter the basic features of the Constitution. Also, the procedure to amend the Constitution is provided by the Constitution itself.

Statement 1 is incorrect. Constitutions exist not only in democratic countries but also in other forms of
governments like monarchies. However, in a monarchical constitution, the monarch takes major decisions. On same lines in some constitutions like the old Soviet Union, one single party is given the power to decide. But in democratic constitutions the people get to decide.

Statement 2 is incorrect. Generally Constitutions are legal document that deal with ideals and values. The Constitution does not only deal with the agreement on the type of government but also on certain ideals and values that the country should uphold. Ideals and values are generally reflected in the preamble, oaths, opening declarations etc. Successful constitutions strike the right balance between preserving core values and adapting them to new circumstances.

Statement 3 is correct. A constitution expresses the fundamental identity of a people. This means the people as a collective entity come into being only through the basic constitution. It is by agreeing to a basic set of norms about how one should be governed, and who should be governed that one forms a collective identity. One has many sets of identities that exist prior to a constitution. But by agreeing to certain basic norms and principles one constitutes one’s basic political identity. Also, constitutional norms are the overarching framework within which one pursues individual aspirations, goals and freedoms. So, the constitution also gives one a moral identity.

Secularism is the belief that religion should not influence or be involved in the organization of society, education, government, etc.

Statement 1 is incorrect. Indian secularism deals with religious freedom of individuals and also of minority communities. Under Indian secularism an individual has the right to profess the religion of his or her choice. Likewise, religious minorities also have a right to exist and to maintain their own culture and educational institutions.

Statement 2 is correct. Indian secularism is compatible with the idea of state-supported religious reform. Thus, the Indian constitution bans untouchability. The Indian state has enacted several laws abolishing child marriage and lifting the taboo on inter-caste marriage sanctioned by Hinduism.

Statement 3 is correct. Indian Secularism does not focus only on church-state separation but also the idea of interreligious equality is crucial to the Indian conception. It resulted in equal focus on intra-religious and interreligious domination. Indian secularism equally opposed the oppression of dalits and women within Hinduism, the discrimination against women within Indian Islam or Christianity, and the possible threats that a majority community might pose to the rights of the minority religious communities.

Statement 4 is incorrect. Under Western secularism the state cannot aid any religious institution. Under western secularism state cannot give financial support to educational institutions run by religious communities. However, under Indian constitution state can aid religious institution but it should not spend the public money collected by way of tax for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion.

Statement a is correct. While Article 14 forbids class legislation, it permits reasonable classification of
persons, objects and transactions by the law. But the classification should not be arbitrary, artificial or evasive. Rather, it should be based on an intelligible differential and substantial distinction. Hence, it allows of differentiating between people to ensure equity.

Statement b is incorrect. The constitution doesn’t make any hierarchy between Equality and Liberty. It has given due importance to both the values and are under Part III of the constitution.

Statement c is correct. Article 31-C is an exception to Article 14. It provides that the laws made by the state for implementing the Directive Principles contained in clause (b) or clause (c) of Article 39 cannot be challenged on the ground that they are violative of Article 14. Th e Supreme Court held that “where Article 31-C comes in, Article 14 goes out”.

Statement d is correct. Affirmative action is based on the idea that it is not sufficient to establish formal equality by law. When we wish to eliminate inequalities that are deeply rooted, it is necessary to take some more positive measures to minimise and eliminate entrenched forms of social inequalities. Most policies of affirmative action are thus designed to correct the cumulative effect of past inequalities. Thus, affirmative action helps in promoting equality.

Statement 1 is correct. The Constitution of India has a section called Directive Principles of State Policy. It is to ensure greater social and economic reforms, and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses.

Statement 2 is correct. The constitution provides set of basic rules that allows for minimal degree of coordination among the member of the society. Any law is made keeping in mind the bare minimum of order that is needed. Rest, it depends on the members of the society on how they relate to others and live in a harmonical manner.

Statement 3 is correct. Any law framed by the legislature must adhere to the fundamental law of land i.e., constitution. In case it is violative of any part of the constitution, judiciary can declare the law as null and void. Thus, the constitution helps judiciary to decide the legality of the laws.

Statement 4 is incorrect. The constitution provides only the sets and procedures on how the citizens are to be governed. Who governs them is the responsibility of the society. Constitution doesn’t deal with the personal values of the elected individuals. It is dealt by constitutional morality. As B R Ambedkar has said, A constitution is as good as those who are executing it.

Statement a is incorrect. Article 142 of the constitution provides that apex court might pass some orders or decrees as is necessary for doing complete justice in any case pending before it. This sometimes leads to Supreme Court overreaching itself into powers of Executive or Legislature and hence it sometimes goes against the principle of Separation of Power.

Statement b is incorrect. Although the Separation of Power provides for Division of Labor and Functional Specialization, it isn’t the basic philosophy behind including the doctrine in the constitution.

Statement c is correct. Separation of Powers provides for checks and balances by each organ (Legislative, Executive, Judiciary) of the government on the other two. It prevents tyranny of the government. It ensures that justice done is free of any fear or favor.

Statement d is incorrect. Separation of power rather provides the conditions for Checking and balancing the decisions of the other organs. Although it prevents encroachment of power by other organs, this isn’t the fundamental reason for its inclusion.

Secularism is the principle that makes a state neutral in the matter of religion and hence does not uphold any particular religion as the state religion. For example, India and USA.

Option c is correct. The concept of principled distance entails a state to maintain equal distance from all
religion. Principled distance from religion is the essence of Indian secularism. Secularism in the Indian context calls for is the maintenance of a “principled distance” between state and religion. This does not mean that the state cannot intervene in religion and its affairs, but that any intervention should be within the limitations prescribed by the Constitution. Indian Constitution embodies the positive concept of secularism, i.e., giving equal respect to all religions or protecting all religions equally. The Western concept of secularism connotes a complete separation between the religion and the state. The 42nd amendment of the Constitution of India amended the Preamble of the Constitution declaring India as a secular nation. In India secularism means the state views all religions as equal.

Option a is incorrect. The doctrine of harmonious construction (and not principled distance) is used to
avoid any inconsistency and repugnancy within a section or between a section and other parts of a statute. In case of any debate about a law, the interpretation which is consistent with all the provisions and makes the enactment consistent with the Constitution shall prevail.

Option b is incorrect. Separation of power defines the relation between executive, legislature and judiciary. In order to prevent the misuse of power by any one branch of government, the Constitution says that each of these organs should exercise diff erent powers. Through this, each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three.

Option d is incorrect. Principle of Federal Supremacy is related to the superiority of centre over states in exercise of power. Article 246 of the Indian constitution provides a system of hierarchy with Union list at the apex followed by a concurrent list and then state list i.e. when a dispute arises between the state and centre regarding the legislative competency, the union will prevail over the state. Similarly, in case of a conflict between concurrent list and state list, the former will prevail.

Statement 1 is correct. The constitution sets some limits on what a government can impose on its citizens. These limits are fundamental in the sense that government may never trespass them. Constitutions limit the power of government in many ways. The most common way of limiting the power of government is to specify certain fundamental rights that all of us possess as citizens.

Statement 2 is correct. The Constitution provides a framework for the government to do certain positive things like, express the aspirations and goals of society. It is much needed for a country like India to overcome the forms of inequality or deprivation. For example, if people aspire a society that will be free of caste discrimination. Government has to be empowered to fulfil the aspiration of the people which is provided by the constitution. The framers of the Indian Constitution, for example, thought that each individual in society should have all that is necessary for them to lead a life of minimal dignity and social self-respect — minimum material wellbeing, education etc. The Indian Constitution enables the government to take positive welfare measures some of which are legally enforceable.

Statement 1 is incorrect. Indian constitution was never subjected to referendum of people. It had the consensus and backing of popular leaders which makes it more effective. The people adopted it as their own by abiding by its provisions. Therefore, the authority of people who enacted the constitution made it more effective.

Statement 2 is correct. Indian constitution was drawn by the people who enjoyed immense public credibility and who had the capacity to negotiate and command the respect of a wide cross- section of society. It gives legitimacy and effectiveness to the Indian constitution.

Statement 3 is correct. Although the Constituent Assembly was not directly elected by the people of India on the basis of adult franchise, the Assembly comprised representatives of all sections of the Indian society– Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Parsis, Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians, SCs, STs including women of all these sections. The Assembly included all important personalities of India at that time, with the exception of Mahatma Gandhi. However, the critics charged that the Constituent Assembly was dominated by the Congress party. Granville Austin, an American Constitutional expert, remarked: ‘The Constituent Assembly was a one-party body in an essentially one-party country. The Assembly was the Congress and the Congress was India. In terms of political parties, the Congress occupied as many as eighty-two percent of the seats in the Assembly after the Partition.’

The basic structure doctrine is a common law legal doctrine that the constitution of a sovereign state has certain characteristics that cannot be erased by its legislature. It was developed by the Supreme Court of India in a series of constitutional law cases in the 1960s and 1970s that culminated in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, where the doctrine was formally adopted.

Statement 1 is incorrect : The basic features of the Constitution have not been explicitly defined by the Judiciary nor by legislature. The doctrine is not expressed and written in constitutional manner in India. Bangladesh is perhaps the only legal system in the world which recognizes this doctrine with an expressed, written and rigid constitutional manner through article 7B of its Constitution.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The Basic Structure doctrine is recognized in India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Pakistan, Kenya, and Uganda. The High Court of Singapore denied the application of the basic features doctrine in Singapore. It held that the doctrine was not applicable to the Singapore Constitution.

The constitution of India was adopted by the constituent assembly in English. A Hindi translation of the constitution signed by the members of the constituent Assembly was also published in 1950 under the authority of the president of the Constituent Assembly in accordance with a resolution adopted by that Assembly.

Statement 1 is correct: The original Constitution was handwritten in Hindi and English with calligraphy by Prem Behari Narain Raizada.

Statement 2 is correct: The 58th Constitution Amendment Act, 1987 inserted Article 394-A in Part
XXII of the Constitution. The provisions of Article 394-A includes that the President shall cause to be published under his authority: The translation of the Constitution in Hindi language. The modifications which are necessary to bring it in conformity with the language, style and terminology adopted in the authoritative texts of the Central Acts in Hindi can be made in it. The translation in Hindi of every amendment of the constitution made in English.

There are 12 Schedules in the Constitution of India.

Pair 1 is incorrectly matched. Third Schedule: It contains the forms of oath and affirmation for: Union Ministers of India, Parliament Election Candidates, Members of Parliament (MPs), Supreme Court Judges, Comptroller and Auditor General, State Ministers, State Legislature Elections’ Candidates, State Legislature Members, High Court Judges. Fourth Schedule contains allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and the union territories.

Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. Fifth Schedule provides provisions relating to the administration and control of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes residing in any State other than the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. Sixth Schedule provides provisions relating to the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.

Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. Eighth Schedule deals with languages recognized by the Constitution Seventh Schedule provides division of powers between the Union and the States in terms of List I (Union List), List II (State List) and List III (Concurrent List).

Pair 4 is incorrectly matched. Twelft h Schedule specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities. Eleventh Schedule specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats

The Constitution of India stands for a Secular State. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State

Statement 1 is correct. Article 25 provides right to propagate that include transmission and dissemination of one’s religious beliefs to others or exposition of the tenets of one’s religion. But it does not include a right to convert another person to one’s own religion. Forcible conversions impinge on the ‘freedom of conscience’ guaranteed to all the persons alike.

Statement 2 is correct. Article 27 lays down that State should not spend the public money collected by way of tax for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion. This provision prohibits the State from favouring, patronising and supporting one religion over the other. This means that
the taxes can be used for the promotion or maintenance of all religions.

Statement 3 is incorrect.Under Article 28, no religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds. However, this provision shall not apply to an educational institution administered by the State but established under any endowment or trust, requiring imparting of religious instruction in such institution.

The Constitution of India has borrowed most of its provisions from the Constitutions of various other
countries as well as from the Government of India Actof 1935.

Statement 1, 4 and 5 are correct.

The provisions borrowed from Australian Constitutionsare:Concurrent List Freedom of trade, commerce and inter-course Joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament. Procedure for amendment of the Constitution is borrowed from South African Constitution and Federation with a strong Centre is borrowed from Canadian Constitution.

The Indian Constitution is unique in its contents and spirit. The Constitution of India has several salient features that distinguish it from the Constitutions of the other countries.

Statement 1, 3 and 5 are correct.

Three-tier Government: Originally, the Indian Constitution, like any other federal Constitution, provided for a dual polity and contained provisions with regard to the organisation and powers of the Centre and the states. Later, the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts (1992) have added a third-tier of Government (i.e., local) which is not found in any other Constitution of the world.

Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility: The Constitution of India is neither rigid nor flexible, but a synthesis of both. Some provisions of the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of the Parliament in the manner of ordinary legislative process. Some other provisions can be amended by a special majority of the Parliament and with the ratification by half of the total states.

Single Citizenship: Though the Indian Constitution is federal and envisages a dual polity (Centre and states), it provides for only a single citizenship, that is, the Indian citizenship.

Statement 2 and 4 are incorrect. The doctrine of sovereignty of Parliament is associated with the British Parliament, while the principle of judicial supremacy with that of the American Supreme Court.
The framers of the Indian Constitution have preferred a proper synthesis between the British principle of parliamentary sovereignty and the American principle of judicial supremacy. Constitutional conventions are often thought of as “unwritten” but sometimes conventions are recorded in writing. They play a key role in British Political system due to uncodified nature of British constitution. Indian Constitution is a very comprehensive, elaborate and detailed document. The role of convention is less acknowledged in Indian Political setup

The state has been envisaged from various points of view. The Classical liberalism or Police State is the concept of the 18th and the early 19th century, which supported the negative state with minimal functions.

Statement 1 is incorrect. The concept of Police State is also known as ‘Classical liberalism’ is based on the theory of ‘individualism’. It regards the state as a necessary evil because of the selfish nature of man and an evil, because state is an enemy of individual liberty. While it is the concept of Welfare state that is based on the ‘theory of revisionist’ where it is assumed that the state can perform various functions of social welfare.

Statement 2 is correct. The police state is system underwhich state plays negative role & which helped in maintenance of law and order, protecting the nation from external aggression, dispensing justice to its citizens and collecting taxes for financing such activities. The system was later replaced by welfare state when importance of alleviating the poor, regulating individual enterprise and most importantly bringing about social justice was realized.

Statement 3 is incorrect. Laissez faire is an economic environment in which transactions between private parties’ tariffs, government subsidies, and government regulation is enforced against theft and to protect the property rights of Monopoly. It is a philosophy or practice is usually that there is no guidance or intervention, especially with individual freedom of choice and action. Police states does not necessarily follow laissez faire. The theory of ‘laissez faire’ has changed the role of government and thereby the transformation of the ‘police state’ to the ‘welfare state’. It has necessitated the need
for conferring more power on the administration and simultaneously the need for controlling this power.