Indian Freedom Struggle Part – 2 MCQ Questions and Answers

Sol. The “Servants of India Society” was founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905 to train national missionaries for the service of India. Prominent members associated with this society included N.M. Joshi, N.M. Kunzru, and Shri Ram Bajpai. Jyotiba Phule and Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, although important social reformers, were not associated with this society; they were more connected to earlier social reform movements in Maharashtra. Therefore, the involvement of N.M. Joshi, N.M. Kunzru, and Shri Ram Bajpai accurately reflect the prominent members of the Servants of India Society.

Sol. The All India States People’s Conference (AISPC) was established in 1927 to promote democratic movements in princely states. The first session was convened in Bombay, led by Balwant Rai Mehta, Maniklal Kothari, and G.R. Abhyankar. They worked to unify people’s struggles across the princely states and demand responsible governance. Among the given options, J.N. Sen Gupta, Sardool Singh Kaveshar, and Sudhakar Rao were not chief conveners of the AISPC. The AISPC played a vital role in mobilizing political consciousness and later merged its efforts with the Indian National Congress before independence, helping integrate princely states into the Indian Union.

Sol. Balwantrai Mehta was indeed one of the key persons responsible for taking the initiative to convene the All India States People’s Conference (AISPC) in 1927 along with Maniklal Kothari and G.R. Abhyankar. C. Rajagopalachari played a crucial role in persuading Mahatma Gandhi to start the Individual Satyagraha in 1940, when Gandhi initially was reluctant. The Individual Satyagraha was meant to affirm the right to free speech and oppose World War II involvement without mass movement.

Sol. The Cripps Mission was sent to India in March 1942 by the British government to secure Indian cooperation during World War II. Its main proposals included setting up a Constitution-making body consisting of elected representatives from British Indian provinces and nominated members from princely states. It also promised India dominion status after the war. However, it did not explicitly propose the partition of India, although it allowed provinces to opt out of the future Union, indirectly encouraging separatism. Another important proposal was to form an Executive Council mostly composed of Indians, excluding only the Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief. The proposals failed to satisfy Indian political leaders, leading to the rejection of the mission and eventually paving the way for the Quit India Movement.

Sol. The correct chronological sequence begins with the Congress-League Pact, also known as the Lucknow Pact, which was signed in 1916 to present a united front to the British. Next occurred the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy in 1919, where British forces massacred peaceful protestors in Amritsar. Following this, the Swaraj Party was founded in 1923 by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru to enter legislative councils and obstruct colonial governance from within. Lastly, the Chauri-Chaura incident occurred in 1922, where violent clashes led Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement. Therefore, the correct order is 3, 2, 1, and 4.

Sol. The Sarda Act, officially known as the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 (popularly called the Sarda Act after its sponsor Harbilas Sarda), came into force in 1930. It primarily aimed to curb the practice of child marriage by setting minimum age limits: 14 years for girls and 18 years for boys. The Act penalized parties to a marriage where the prescribed age limits were not adhered to. It did not deal with civil marriages, bigamy, or the legalization of inter-caste marriages. Thus, it solely focused on penalizing child marriages, making statement 3 correct.

Sol. Swami Dayanand Saraswati, the founder of the Arya Samaj, actively promoted social reforms such as encouraging inter-caste marriages and widow remarriage. He also strongly opposed social evils like child marriage and polygamy, advocating for the upliftment of society through adherence to Vedic principles. Additionally, the Arya Samaj under his inspiration often organized relief work during natural calamities. However, he did not attack the spread of Western sciences; rather, he criticized blind imitation of Western ways while appreciating scientific and rational thinking. Therefore, statements 2, 3, and 4 are correct.

Sol. The correct chronological sequence starts with the resignation of the Congress Ministries in 1939, protesting India’s involuntary involvement in World War II by the British. Following this, the Muslim League observed the Muslim Deliverance Day in December 1939, celebrating the Congress Ministries’ resignation. The Individual Satyagraha movement was launched by Gandhi in 1940 as a limited protest against British policies during the war. Finally, the Direct Action Day was called by the Muslim League in August 1946 to press for the creation of Pakistan. Thus, the accurate order is 3, 1, 4, and 2.

Sol. The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was Mahatma Gandhi’s first major involvement in Indian politics where he directly engaged with the masses to address their grievances, particularly the exploitation of indigo cultivators by British planters. During this movement, young nationalists such as Rajendra Prasad and J.B. Kripalani actively supported Gandhi’s efforts. However, Gandhi had already conceptualized and practiced the philosophy of Satyagraha during his time in South Africa before coming to India, not for the first time during Champaran. Hence, only statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Sol. The correct chronological sequence begins with the Home Rule Movement launched by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak around 1916, demanding self-government. This was followed by the Rowlatt Act of 1919, which allowed the colonial government to imprison individuals without trial, causing widespread unrest. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre occurred shortly after in April 1919 as a brutal response to protests against the Rowlatt Act. Lastly, the British government appointed the Hunter Committee to investigate the Jallianwala Bagh incident, and the Hunter Report was published later in 1920. Therefore, the correct order is 2, 4, 3, and 1.

Sol. Subhash Chandra Bose referred to Swami Vivekananda as the “spiritual father of Indian nationalism.” Bose deeply admired Vivekananda’s teachings, which emphasized fearlessness, self-confidence, and service to the nation. Vivekananda’s call to awaken India’s pride in its cultural and spiritual heritage greatly influenced Bose’s own nationalist ideology. Thus, Subhash Chandra Bose acknowledged Swami Vivekananda’s profound impact on shaping the spirit of Indian nationalism.

Sol. During the Indian freedom struggle, several revolutionary newspapers emerged to inspire and mobilize youth towards the path of militant nationalism. Sandhya from Bengal, Yugantar associated with the revolutionary Yugantar Party, and Kaal edited by Vishnushastri Chiplunkar in Maharashtra, all actively advocated revolutionary terrorism against British rule. These publications played a crucial role in spreading nationalist sentiments and encouraging direct action against colonial oppression. Therefore, all three newspapers — Sandhya, Yugantar, and Kaal — promoted revolutionary ideas.

Sol. Subhas Chandra Bose did appear for the Indian Civil Services (I.C.S.) examination in 1920 and secured 4th position in merit but resigned later to join the freedom struggle. He served as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1938 (Haripura Session) and 1939 (Tripuri Session). He was also imprisoned in Mandalay Jail during his political career. However, he did not participate in the Quit India Movement of 1942, as by that time he had already left India in 1941 to seek foreign assistance for India’s independence through the formation of the Indian National Army (INA). Thus, the statement regarding his participation in the Quit India Movement is not correct.

Sol. The correct chronological order begins with the formation of the Ghadar Party in 1913 in the United States by Indian immigrants to fight British colonial rule. Next came the Communist Party of India, founded in 1925 in Kanpur with the aim of promoting Marxist ideology. The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was established in 1928 by revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh to organize armed resistance against the British. Finally, the Congress Socialist Party was founded in 1934 as a socialist wing within the Indian National Congress, aiming to combine nationalism with socialism. Thus, the sequence 1, 2, 4, 3 is correct.

Sol. Before the Second Round Table Conference in 1931, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed, where Viceroy Irwin agreed to release political prisoners who had been imprisoned for participating in the civil disobedience movement, provided they were not guilty of violence. This relates to the first statement and makes it correct. However, the provision for provincial autonomy was not an outcome of the Second Round Table Conference; it was later incorporated in the Government of India Act, 1935. Hence, only the first statement is correct.

Sol. The chronological order starts with the Champaran Movement of 1917, where Gandhi led the struggle of indigo farmers against oppressive plantation systems. Next came the Amritsar Incident or the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in 1919, where British forces killed hundreds of peaceful protestors. The Moplah Revolt in Malabar followed in 1921, involving a peasant uprising that turned into a religious conflict. Lastly, the Chauri Chaura Incident occurred in 1922, where a violent clash led Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement. Therefore, the correct sequence is C, A, D, B.

Sol. All four movements — the Swadeshi Movement (1905), the Home Rule Movement (1916), the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920), and the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) — significantly contributed to drawing women out of their homes and into the public sphere. Women actively participated in picketing, protests, and constructive programs like spinning khadi and promoting swadeshi goods. Their involvement marked a major shift in the role of women in Indian society and the nationalist movement. Therefore, all the given movements played a role in encouraging women’s participation.

Sol. The chronological sequence begins with the August Offer of 1940, where the British proposed limited constitutional reforms in response to Indian demands during World War II. This was followed by the Cripps Mission Plan in 1942, which offered dominion status after the war but was rejected by Indian leaders. Next came the Wavell Plan in 1945, which proposed a reconstitution of the Executive Council with Indian leaders. Finally, the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 was introduced to discuss the transfer of power and the future governance structure of India. Hence, the correct order is 1, 3, 4, 2.

Sol. The sequence starts with Jinnah’s wrecking of the Simla Conference in 1945, where differences between the Congress and the Muslim League led to its failure. This was followed by the arrival of the Cabinet Mission in 1946, which proposed a plan for India’s constitutional future. After disagreements over the Cabinet Mission Plan, the Muslim League launched Direct Action Day in August 1946 to press for the demand for Pakistan. Subsequently, the formation of an interim government took place in September 1946, led by Jawaharlal Nehru. Therefore, the correct order is 4, 2, 3, 1.

Sol. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931 was significant as it recognized the Indian National Congress as a legitimate political entity, enabling it to negotiate directly with the British Indian Government, effectively placing it on an equal political footing for the first time. Regarding Muslim participation, it is accurate that their involvement in the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34) was less widespread compared to the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22), due to growing communal divisions and dissatisfaction with Congress leadership among some Muslim groups. Thus, both statements are correct.

Sol. The Government of India Act, 1935 was a significant constitutional reform introduced by the British. It granted provincial autonomy, allowing elected Indian ministers to govern provinces with reduced interference from British governors. It also provided for the establishment of a Federal Court in 1937 to adjudicate disputes between provinces and between the center and provinces. Additionally, it proposed the creation of an All-India Federation combining British Indian provinces and princely states, although this federation never actually materialized as the princely states refused to join. Therefore, all three statements are correct.

22. Ans B. (2 and 3 only) Sol. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931 included several key concessions by the British Government. It permitted the right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops, and it allowed people living in coastal regions to manufacture salt for personal use, addressing a major grievance of the Civil Disobedience Movement. However, the British Government did not agree to release all political prisoners; only those who had not committed violent crimes were to be released. Hence, statements 2 and 3 are correct.

Sol. The chronological sequence starts with the bomb-hurling at the Central Legislative Assembly by Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt on 8 April 1929 to protest against repressive laws. Following this, Jatin Das died in September 1929 after a prolonged hunger strike in jail. Later, Bhagat Singh was martyred along with Rajguru and Sukhdev on 23 March 1931. Shortly after their martyrdom, the Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress was held in 26-31 March 1931, where the Congress adopted resolutions on fundamental rights and national economic policy. Thus, the correct order is 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Sol. During the Quit India Movement of 1942, several regions in India witnessed the establishment of parallel governments challenging British authority. The first such government emerged in Ballia (Uttar Pradesh) under Chittu Pandey in August 1942, not Satara. However, it was short-lived. In Tamluk (Midnapore, Bengal), the ‘Jatiya Sarkar’ was established, which performed various administrative, judicial, and welfare functions and lasted till September 1944. The most long-lasting and effective parallel government was set up in Satara district of Maharashtra, known as the Prati Sarkar, which continued functioning from mid-1943 to early 1946. It ran its own courts, collected taxes, and maintained law and order independently. Thus, only statements 2 and 3 regarding Tamluk and Satara are correct.

Sol. The Punnapra-Vayalar Movement (1946) was a communist-led workers’ and peasants’ struggle in Kerala against the Travancore princely state’s policies. The Teabags Movement refers to labor unrest in the tea gardens of Bengal. The Telangana Movement (1946–51) was a major peasants’ rebellion against feudal landlords in Andhra (then part of Hyderabad State). The Eka Movement (1921) was a peasant movement against oppressive landlords in Uttar Pradesh (U.P.). Therefore, the correct matching is A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1.

Sol. The 3rd June Plan (also known as the Mountbatten Plan) laid down the framework for the partition of British India into two successor states — India and Pakistan — both to be granted dominion status. It also provided for the setting up of a Boundary Commission to demarcate borders where division was necessary, particularly in Punjab and Bengal. However, it was not mandatory for either India or Pakistan to remain within the British Commonwealth; they were free to decide whether to remain or not. Therefore, only statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Sol. In the context of the Revolt of 1857, Khan Bahadur indeed led the revolt in Bareilly and Birjis Qadr was proclaimed the Nawab of Lucknow by the rebels. Lachman Rao was associated with Jhansi, although Rani Lakshmibai was the primary leader. However, Kunwar Singh was a prominent leader of the revolt in Bihar, particularly around Arrah, not Gorakhpur. Thus, only the fourth matching — Kunwar Singh with Gorakhpur — is incorrect.

Sol. During the Revolt of 1857, several rulers of Indian princely states chose to side with the British, helping them suppress the uprising. Gulab Singh of Kashmir supported the British, mainly because his authority was dependent on British favor. The Raja of Jodhpur, the Nizam of Hyderabad, Scindia of Gwalior, and Holkar of Indore also remained loyal to the British. Their cooperation was crucial in aiding British forces to regain control over the rebellious regions. Therefore, all the listed rulers allied with the British during the revolt.

Sol. Baba Ramsingh led the Namdhari Movement, a Sikh reform movement emphasizing simplicity and non-violence. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founded the Ahmadiyya Movement, which sought to defend Islam against colonial critiques. Mukund Das was associated with the Satya Mahima Dharma, a religious reform movement in Odisha promoting monotheism. Nauroji Furdunji played a significant role in founding the Rehnumai Mazdayasan Sabha, aimed at social reform within the Parsi community. Thus, the correct matching is A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2.

Sol. The Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) was led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who earned the title “Sardar” for his leadership in this peasants’ movement against increased land revenue. The Indian Kisan School was founded by N.G. Ranga, a prominent peasant leader and advocate for farmers’ rights. The Bengal Praja Party was associated with Fazlul Huq, focusing on the rights of tenants and peasants in Bengal. The Bakasht Struggle involved tenant farmers and was associated with Swami Shraddhananda Saraswati, who supported peasant causes in northern India. Thus, the correct matching is A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1.

Let’s match the events in List-I with their corresponding years in List-II:

• A. Lahore session of the Indian National Congress adopted Purna Swaraj: This historic session where the resolution for complete independence was passed took place in 1929 (4).
• B. Formation of Naujawan Bharat Sabha: This youth organization was founded by Bhagat Singh and others in 1926. However, 1928 (1) is the year most closely associated with its significant activities and formal establishment with a clear political agenda.
• C. Karachi session of the Indian National Congress adopting Fundamental Rights: This session, where resolutions on Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy were adopted, was held in 1931 (2).
• D. Brussels conference against Colonialism and Imperialism: This conference was held in 1927 (3).

Sol. The Royal Indian Navy Revolt of 1946 began as a protest against racial discrimination, poor quality food, and harsh treatment of Indian sailors by their British officers. It quickly spread across various ships and shore establishments, becoming a major anti-colonial uprising. However, Lord Wavell, the then Viceroy of India, did not condemn the Indian Army’s response; rather, he was critical of the political leaders’ lack of support for suppressing the revolt. The Indian Army, in fact, remained largely loyal to the British during the event. Therefore, only the first statement is correct.

Sol. The Tattvabodhini Sabha was founded by Devendranath Tagore to reform and revive the Brahmo Samaj and promote Vedic knowledge. The Darul-Uloom Deoband was established by Islamic scholars, notably Rashid Ahmed Gangohi, to preserve Islamic teachings against colonial influences. The Delhi Urdu Renaissance was associated with Zaka Ullah, who contributed to the development of Urdu literature and education. The Sarvajanik Sabha in Poona was founded by Ganesh Vasudev Joshi to voice public opinion against British rule. Thus, the correct matching is A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2.

Sol. Subbarayalu Chetty was associated with the newspaper Crescent, which focused on Muslim interests. The Swaminarayan Guru was connected with the Veda Samaj, promoting reforms based on Hindu scriptures. Raghunatha was linked with the Upasana Sabha, an organization promoting religious reform. Gajalu Lakshmanarasu Chetty authored Jati Mimamsa, a critique on caste practices. Thus, the correct matching is A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3.

Sol. Vanchi Iyer was involved in the assassination of British official Ashe and linked to the Tinnevelly Conspiracy Case. T. K. Madhavan was a key leader in the Vaikom Satyagraha against untouchability in Kerala. Srinivas Pillai was associated with The Hindu Progressive Improvement Society, which worked for social reforms. E.V. Ramasami Naicker (Periyar) led the Self-Respect Movement, advocating for social equality and the abolition of caste. Thus, the correct matching is A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4.

Sol. Bhagat Jawahar Mal was associated with the Kuka Movement, a religious and social reform movement among Sikhs. Vilayat Ali was a prominent leader in the Wahabi Movement, which sought to revive Islamic practices and resist British rule. Sayyid Fadi was connected with the Pabna Riots, where peasants protested against zamindari oppression in Bengal. Khoodi Mallah participated in the Moplah Revolt in Malabar, which was both a peasant uprising and had religious undertones. Thus, the correct matching is A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3.

Sol. Chinnava was associated with the Kittur Uprising of 1824, led by Rani Chennamma of Kittur against British authority. Haji Shariatullah founded the Faraizi Movement around 1818 (not 1888 as mentioned), aiming at Islamic religious reform in Bengal. Alluri Sitaram Raju led the Rampa Uprising in 1922 against British colonial rule, mobilizing tribal communities. Krishna Daji Pandit was connected with the Gadkari Revolt of 1844 in Maharashtra against British suppression. Thus, the correct matching is A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1.

Sol. Sayyid Ahmed Bareilvi was the founder of the Thariqah-i-Muhammadiyah, a religious reform movement aiming at purifying Islam. Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi was one of the founders of Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband, an important Islamic seminary. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founded the Ahmadiyya Movement (not listed in the options), but here in the context, Zaka Ullah is correctly matched with the Delhi Urdu Renaissance, contributing significantly to Urdu literature and education. Thus, the correct matching is A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2.

Sol. Rajendra Lahiri was hanged in Gonda Jail for his involvement in the Kakori conspiracy case. Sukhdev was executed in Lahore Jail along with Bhagat Singh and Rajguru. Roshan Singh was executed in Allahabad Jail for his participation in revolutionary activities linked to the Kakori case. Ram Prasad Bismil, the prominent leader of the Kakori conspiracy, was executed in Gorakhpur Jail. Thus, the correct matching is A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3.

Sol. Prafulla Chaki was involved in the bomb assault at Muzaffarpur in 1908 and later committed suicide to avoid arrest. Sukhdev was one of the revolutionaries associated with the Lahore Conspiracy Case (along with Bhagat Singh and Rajguru). Ashfaqullah Khan was a key figure in the Kakori conspiracy case where a train carrying government funds was looted. Ganesh Ghosh participated in the Chittagong Armoury Raid led by Surya Sen in 1930. Thus, the correct matching is A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3.

Sol. In the Revolt of 1857:

• Kanpur was led by Nana Saheb against British rule.

• Arrah witnessed the leadership of Kunwar Singh in Bihar against the British.

• Lucknow became a major center of rebellion under the leadership of Begum Hazrat Mahal.

• Bareilly was led by Khan Bahadur Khan during the uprising.

• Jhansi was famously defended by Rani Lakshmibai, one of the most iconic figures of the revolt.

Thus, the correct matching is A-2, B-3, C-4, D-5, E-1.

Sol. Let’s match the leaders in List-I with their famous quotes in List-II:

A. Bal Gangadhar Tilak: He is famously known for the quote “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.” (1)

B. M.K. Gandhi: While Gandhi spoke extensively on justice and freedom, the quote “What I have done will endure not what I have said or written.” (3) is strongly associated with him, emphasizing the importance of his actions over his words.

C. Dadabhai Naoroji: He is renowned for his advocacy for justice and his articulation of the economic drain of India under British rule. The quote “We do not ask any favor. We only want Justice.” (2) aligns with his persistent demands for fair treatment and rights for Indians.

D. Jawaharlal Nehru: His vision of freedom extended beyond national independence to encompass individual liberty and global freedom. The quote “There will be no freedom in this country or in the world so long as a single human being is unfree.” (4) reflects his broader commitment to human liberation.

Sol. Let’s match the books in List-I with their authors in List-II:

A. Champaran Mein Mahatma Gandhi: This book, detailing Mahatma Gandhi’s experiences during the Champaran Satyagraha, was written by Rajendra Prasad

B. The Springing Tiger: This is a biographical account of Subhas Chandra Bose written by Hugh Toye.

C. Living an Era: This is a memoir by D.P. Mishra , an important political figure in Madhya Pradesh and a close associate of Nehru.

D. India from Curzon to Nehru and After: This historical analysis of India’s political landscape was written by Durga Das.

Sol. The Non-Cooperation Movement started in 1920, led by Mahatma Gandhi against the injustices of British rule. The Civil Disobedience Movement began with the Salt March in 1930, marking a new phase of mass resistance. The formation of Congress Ministries happened after the elections held under the Government of India Act, 1935, and they took office in 1937. The Quit India Movement was launched in 1942, demanding an end to British rule. Thus, the correct matching is A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1.

Sol. V.S. Srinivasa Sastri was associated with the Indian National Liberation Federation, advocating moderate nationalist ideals. V.D. Savarkar was a prominent leader of the Hindu Mahasabha, promoting Hindu nationalist ideas. Ramaswamy Naicker (also known as Periyar) led the Justice Party, championing anti-caste and Dravidian movements. B.T. Ranadive was an important figure in the Communist Party of India, especially during its early militant phase. Thus, the correct matching is A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2.

Sol. Abul Kalam Azad founded and edited Al-Hilal, a revolutionary Urdu weekly advocating independence. Feroz Shah Mehta was associated with the Bombay Chronicle, an influential nationalist newspaper. Annie Besant edited New India, promoting the Home Rule Movement. Mahatma Gandhi edited Young India, using it as a platform to spread the message of non-violence and civil disobedience. Thus, the correct matching is A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3.

Sol. The Indian Councils Act 1909 was based on the Morley-Minto Reforms focusing on limited reforms like separate electorates for Muslims.

The Government of India Act 1919 was based on the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, introducing dyarchy in provinces.

The Government of India Act 1935 was largely framed using the Simon Commission Report and recommendations of the Joint Select Committee.

The Indian Independence Act 1947 was based on the Mountbatten Plan, providing for the partition of India and the creation of India and Pakistan.

Thus, the correct matching is A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1.

Sol. At the time of independence in 1947, India was using the Gregorian calendar officially, not the calendar based on the Saka era. The National Calendar of India, based on the Saka Era, was officially adopted later and commenced on Chaitra 1, Saka 1879, corresponding to March 22, 1957 AD. This calendar was introduced to harmonize traditional Indian time reckoning with the Gregorian system for official purposes. Therefore, only the second statement is correct.

Sol.Let’s match the authors in List-I with their books in List-II:

A. Lady Catherine Mayo: She is the author of the controversial book Mother India (2).

B. Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre: They co-authored the famous book Freedom at Midnight (1), which chronicles India’s independence.

C. Ram Manohar Lohia: He is the author of Guilty Men of India’s Partition (4), a critical analysis of the events leading to the partition of India.

D. Jawaharlal Nehru: He wrote the influential book Discovery of India (3), exploring the history, philosophy, and culture of India.

Sol.Correct Matches:

A. Dr. M. A. Ansari – 3. Madras (President in 1927 session at Madras)

B. Purushottam Das Tandon – 4. Nasik (President in 1948 session at Nasik)

C. Sarojini Naidu – 2. Kanpur (President in 1925 session at Kanpur)

D. Subhash Chandra Bose – 1. Haripura (President in 1938 session at Haripura)

Sol.Let’s match the authors in List-I with their books in List-II:

A. Dadabhai Naoroji: He is the author of the seminal work on the economic exploitation of India, Poverty and Un-British Rule in India (3).

B. Dayanand Saraswati: He was the founder of the Arya Samaj and the author of the influential religious and social reformist text, Satyarath Prakash (1).

C. Bal Gangadhar Tilak: He wrote a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita titled Gita Rahasya (4), while he was imprisoned in Mandalay.

D. Bankim Chandra Chatterji: He is the author of the famous Bengali novel Ananda Math (2), which played a significant role in the Indian nationalist movement.

Sol.Let’s match the Peasant Movements in List-I with their prominent Leaders in List-II:

A. Faqir Movement: This movement was led by Majnu Shah (3).

B. Ramosi Revolt: This early peasant uprising was associated with Chittur Singh (4).

C. Pagal Panthis: This socio-religious peasant revolt was led by Karam Shah (2).

D. Bihar Kisan Sabha: This significant peasant organization was founded and led by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati (1).

Sol. Sambad Kaumudi was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy to advocate social reforms like the abolition of Sati.

Indian Mirror was started by Keshab Chandra Sen to promote Brahmo Samaj ideas and social reforms.

Amrita Bazar Patrika was founded by Sisir Kumar Ghosh (and Motilal Ghosh) and became an important nationalist newspaper.

The Hindu was founded by G.S. Aiyar and Veeraraghavachary among others, and it played a major role in the national movement from Madras.

Thus, the correct matching is A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3.

Sol. The Wahabi Movement in India was led by Sayyid Ahmad Bareilvi, promoting Islamic revivalism and anti-colonial resistance. The Faraizi Movement was started by Haji Shariat-Allah in Bengal, emphasizing religious reforms among Muslims. The Ta’ayyuni Movement was founded by Karamat Ali Jaunpuri, aiming to counter Wahabism and promote a different Islamic interpretation. The Ahmadiyya Movement was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Punjab, claiming to renew and defend Islam. Thus, the correct matching is A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1.

Sol. Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in 1905 to train Indians for national service. Madan Mohan Malaviya was the founder of the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in 1916, promoting education based on Indian culture. C. Rajagopalachari was associated with the formation of the Swatantra Party in 1959, advocating for free enterprise and opposing the socialist policies of the Congress. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar founded the Free India Society in London to promote Indian nationalism among Indian students abroad. Thus, the correct matching is A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3.

Sol. The Partition of Bengal took place first in 1905, ordered by Lord Curzon to divide the largely Bengali-speaking population, leading to widespread protests. The Chauri-Chaura Incident occurred much later, in 1922, where violence by protestors led Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement. The First Round Table Conference was held in 1930 in London to discuss constitutional reforms with Indian leaders (although Congress boycotted it). Thus, the correct chronological order is 1 (Partition of Bengal), 2 (Chauri-Chaura Incident), and 3 (First Round Table Conference).

Sol. The 1st Session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay in 1885, presided over by W.C. Bonnerjee. The 2nd Session was held in Calcutta in 1886, presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji. The 3rd Session took place in Madras in 1887 under the presidency of Badruddin Tyabji. The 4th Session was held in Allahabad in 1888 with George Yule as president.

Thus, the correct matching is A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1.

Sol.Let’s arrange these Satyagrahas in their correct

chronological sequence: Champaran Satyagraha: This was Mahatma Gandhi’s first Satyagraha in India, which took place in 1917.

Nagpur Satyagraha: Also known as the Flag Satyagraha, it occurred in 1923.

Bardoli Satyagraha: This peasant movement in Gujarat, led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, took place in 1928.

Rajkot Satyagraha: This Satyagraha was led by Mahatma Gandhi in the princely state of Rajkot in 1939.

Thus, the correct sequence is 3 (Champaran), 1 (Bardoli), 4 (Nagpur), 2 (Rajkot).

Sol. Raja Rammohan Roy recognized the importance of Western education and supported the introduction of modern sciences and rational thought to reform Indian society. He also played a pioneering role in the religious and social reform movements of 19th-century Bengal, particularly through the founding of the Brahmo Samaj, efforts to abolish Sati, and promoting women’s rights and education.

Thus, both statements are correct.

Sol. The correct chronological order is: Liberty Bill (introduced by Dadabhai Naoroji in the British Parliament in the 1890s) aimed to grant India some degree of self-government. Morley-Minto Reforms (1909), formally called the Indian Councils Act 1909, expanded legislative councils and introduced separate electorates for Muslims. Rowlatt Act (1919), allowed the government to imprison people without trial, leading to widespread protests. Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931), an agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Irwin to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in the Second Round Table Conference.

Thus, the correct sequence is 4 (Liberty Bill), 3 (Morley-Minto Reforms), 1 (Rowlatt Act), 2 (Gandhi-Irwin Pact).

Sol. N.M. Joshi, Dewan Chamanlal, Shiva Rao, and V.V. Giri (often spelled as Gin or Giri) were all prominent figures in the early Trade Union Movement in India. They worked towards organizing labor unions, fighting for workers’ rights, and establishing institutions like the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC). Their efforts significantly contributed to improving labor conditions during British rule and raising political consciousness among workers. Thus, they were all associated with the Trade Union Movement.

Sol. Raj Kumar Shukla was the person who persuaded Gandhi to visit Champaran, leading to the Champaran Satyagraha (1917). Ambalal Sarabhai supported Gandhi during the Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918), particularly in organizing workers. Indulal Yagnik was an important leader associated with the Kheda Satyagraha (1918), which fought for tax relief during a famine. Vallabhbhai Patel led the Bardoli Satyagraha (1928), a major peasant movement against unjust taxation.

Thus, the correct matching is A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3.

Sol. In the Muzaffarpur incident of 1908, revolutionaries Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki attempted to assassinate Mr. Kingsford, the District Judge, due to his harsh punishments against Swadeshi activists. However, the bomb was mistakenly thrown at the carriage carrying Mrs. Pringle and her daughter, resulting in their deaths. Khudiram Bose was captured and hanged, while Prafulla Chaki committed suicide to avoid arrest.

Thus, all three statements are correct.

Sol. General Hearsey was the Commanding Officer of the 34th Native Infantry (NI) at Barrackpore, associated with early signs of rebellion. Sir Hugh Wheeler was the Commanding Officer at Kanpur during the outbreak of the Revolt of 1857. Colonel Mitchell commanded the 19th Native Infantry at Berhampur, where discontent was evident before the larger rebellion. General Hewitt was the Commanding Officer at Meerut, which became the starting point of the 1857 revolt.

Thus, the correct matching is A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1.

Sol. The First War of Independence (Revolt of 1857) broke out shortly after Lord Dalhousie left India. His annexationist policies, such as the Doctrine of Lapse and the annexation of territories like Awadh, Satara, and Jhansi, created widespread resentment among Indian rulers, soldiers, and the general population. This discontent directly contributed to the outbreak of the revolt. Thus, both the Assertion and the Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

Sol. Swami Vivekananda propagated that Vedanta was a universal religion, applicable to all humanity, transcending sectarian barriers. He strongly believed in reviving and modernizing the best traditions of Hinduism, emphasizing spiritual strength and rationality. Moreover, he was deeply impressed by the social status of women in the West, and he advocated for improving the condition of women in India, recognizing their vital role in nation-building.

Thus, all three statements are correct.

Sol. Annie Besant founded the Central Hindu College at Banaras in 1898, which later became part of Banaras Hindu University (BHU). She also organized the Home Rule League in 1916 to demand self-government for India. However, the Theosophical Movement was introduced to India by Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott in 1879, before Annie Besant joined and later became its prominent leader in India.

Thus, only statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Sol. The Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) emerged during the Cold War as a platform for newly independent countries like India to stay out of military alliances and to safeguard their sovereignty, independence, and promote peaceful coexistence. Statements 1 and 2 are correct because non-alignment was indeed about resisting colonialism and imperialism and contributed to the democratization of international relations by giving a voice to smaller nations. However, military alliances were opposed by the Non-Alignment Movement; they were not a part of it.

Thus, only statement 3 is not correct.

Sol. The Government of India Act, 1919 (also called the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) introduced important changes such as the devolution of legislative authority from the center to the provinces through the system of dyarchy. It also led to the expansion and reconstitution of both central and provincial legislatures by increasing the number of Indian members. However, separate electorates for Muslims were introduced earlier under the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909, not by the 1919 Act. Thus, only statements 2 and 3 are correct.

Sol. Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of Satyagraha is based fundamentally on truth (satya) and non-violence (ahimsa). A Satyagrahi resists evil firmly but does not hate the evil-doer, believing in converting the opponent through love and suffering. However, a true Satyagrahi would inflict suffering only on himself through voluntary acceptance of hardship and never on the opponent or evil-doer. Thus, only statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Sol. The Indigo Revolt of 1859–60 in Bengal was notable not only for the courageous stand taken by the peasants but also for the strong support they received from the intelligentsia, including prominent writers and journalists like Dinabandhu Mitra, who portrayed their plight in works like Nil Darpan. Following the widespread agitation, the colonial government set up the Indigo Commission in 1860 to investigate the grievances of the cultivators, which acknowledged the exploitative practices of the indigo planters. Thus, both statements are correct.

Sol. Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875 in Bombay, aiming to reform Hinduism and promote values based on the Vedas. The Arya Samaj strongly opposed practices like caste discrimination and idol worship, advocating instead for a society based on equality and Vedic teachings. Additionally, Dayanand Saraswati was indeed born into a Brahmin family in Gujarat, which influenced his early religious education before he later became a reformer challenging orthodox practices. Therefore, all the given statements are accurate.

Sol. Bal Gangadhar Tilak indeed played a crucial role in spreading nationalist sentiments among the Indian masses by using cultural programs, public celebrations like Ganesh Utsav, and nationalist newspapers. He aimed to bring political consciousness to the common people. It is also true that Tilak organized volunteers to assist famine-stricken individuals in the Deccan during the severe famine of the 1890s. However, this act of famine relief was more a humanitarian effort and not directly linked to his strategy of diffusing nationalism, making Statement II true but not the correct explanation of Statement I.

Sol. The Non-Cooperation Movement, launched in 1920 under Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership, marked an unprecedented level of mass participation and intensity in India’s freedom struggle, surpassing earlier movements in scale and impact. It significantly fostered Hindu-Muslim unity, as leaders from both communities participated jointly, especially after the Khilafat issue was linked with the movement. However, describing the movement as a mixture of nationalism, middle-class politics, religion, feudalism, agrarian discontent, and working-class agitation is not entirely accurate for the early phase, as it primarily drew support from urban middle classes and peasants rather than from feudal or working-class groups initially.

Sol. Let’s analyze each statement about Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia: He believed the Satyagraha without constructive work is like a sentence without a verb. This statement is correct. Ram Manohar Lohia emphasized the importance of combining direct action (Satyagraha) with constructive social and economic programs for meaningful change. He believed that Satyagraha should be accompanied by efforts to build a better society. He wrote his PhD thesis paper on the topic of Salt Satyagraha, focusing on Mahatma Gandhi’s socioeconomic theory. This statement is correct. Ram Manohar Lohia pursued his doctoral studies in economics at the University of Berlin, and his PhD thesis was indeed on the Salt Satyagraha, where he analyzed Mahatma Gandhi’s socioeconomic thought in the context of this movement. He recognized that caste, more than class, was the huge stumbling block to India’s progress. This statement is correct. Ram Manohar Lohia was a strong advocate for social justice and recognized the deeply entrenched nature of the caste system in India. He believed that caste was a more significant barrier to equality and progress than class divisions and vehemently campaigned for its eradication.

Therefore, all three statements about Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia are correct.

Sol. Annie Besant collaborated with both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League during the Home Rule Movement around 1916, recognizing the importance of broad-based support across different communities to strengthen the demand for self-government. Her efforts aimed at uniting different political and social groups to create a more powerful and inclusive nationalist movement. This collaboration was driven by her understanding that widespread mass support was essential to the success of the Home Rule campaign, thereby making the second statement the correct explanation of the first.

Sol. In North-Western India, particularly in the North-West Frontier Province, the Civil Disobedience Movement gained massive participation under the inspiring leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, who mobilized the Pashtun community through his non-violent Khilafat and Red Shirt movements. Meanwhile, the Nehru Report of 1928 indeed recommended dominion status as the next step for India’s constitutional future. However, the Nehru Report’s suggestion for dominion status was unrelated to Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan’s leadership in the Civil Disobedience Movement, making both statements individually true but without a direct explanatory connection.

Sol. Gandhiji supported the Khilafat Movement as a means to unite Hindu and Muslim communities in the broader struggle against British rule, but he underestimated the fact that the Khilafat issue was primarily related to the political fate of the Ottoman Caliphate — an external matter beyond India’s direct concern. By 1923, the Khilafat cause lost its relevance when Mustafa Kemal Pasha abolished the Caliphate and established a secular republic in Turkey. This directly discredited the movement in India, validating that Gandhiji’s misjudgment stemmed from the rapid developments in Turkey, making the second statement the correct explanation of the first.

Sol. The correct chronological order begins with the Sanyasi and Fakir Rebellion, which started around the late 18th century (1770s), largely as a reaction to the oppressive policies of the British East India Company and the Bengal famine. Next came the Santhal Rebellion in 1855-56, where the Santhal tribal community rose against exploitation by moneylenders, landlords, and British authorities. Following this, the Indigo Revolt occurred in 1859-60, as peasants protested against the harsh treatment and coercive methods of European indigo planters. Finally, the Birsa Munda Rebellion, a significant tribal uprising, took place in the 1890s, aiming for the establishment of Munda Raj and the removal of British rule.

Sol. Iyothee Thass was an important figure associated with the Dravida Mahajana Sabha, focusing on the upliftment of Dalits in South India. Jyotiba Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873 to fight against caste discrimination and promote social equality. John Rathinam was an early activist who contributed to the Dravida Kazhagam movement, which later evolved under different leaderships to advocate for Dravidian rights. E.V. Ramaswami Naicker, popularly known as Periyar, led the Self-Respect Movement, which challenged caste hierarchy and promoted rationalism and equality. Hence, the correct matching sequence is 4, 1, 2, 3.

Sol. The Ahmedabad Mill Strike of 1918 was primarily concerned with the issue of a plague bonus, where workers demanded a 50% wage hike, while the mill owners, mainly Indian, were only willing to offer a 20% increase. The strike was not about working hours nor was it against European owners. Gandhiji played a central role by advising the workers to go on a peaceful strike and later even undertook a fast unto death to support their cause and pressurize the mill owners to negotiate fairly. Therefore, only the second statement is correct.

Sol. The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was Gandhiji’s first major involvement in Indian mass movements and was directly related to the grievances of indigo cultivators. The European planters forced peasants to grow indigo on a portion of their land under the exploitative Tinkathia system. However, the oppression was directed towards the peasants, not the Zamindars, who often collaborated with the British planters. Therefore, only the first statement is correct, while the second is incorrect.

Sol. Swami Vivekananda strongly emphasized that Vedanta was rational and compatible with scientific thinking, presenting it as a universal and logical philosophy. He often criticized Indians for becoming inward-looking and losing connection with global advancements, urging them to be more outward-facing and progressive. He also vehemently condemned the caste system and the discrimination it propagated, advocating for the upliftment of all sections of society. However, he did not treat the Vedas as infallible in a literal sense; instead, he interpreted them in a broad, philosophical spirit rather than as rigid, unquestionable texts.