Geomorphology MCQ Questions and Answers

“Land area” refers to the total surface area of the land of a geographical region or country (which may include discontinuous sections of land such as islands).

Statement 1 is correct. Earth’s total planimetric (flat) land area is approximately 147,539,063.133 km2 (57,505,693.767 sq. mi) which is about 29.2% of its total surface, including that which is covered by ice. Water covers approximately 70.8% of planimetric Earth’s surface, mainly in the form of oceans and ice formations; but this proportion is decreased by the land’s increased terrain.

Statement 2 is incorrect. the ratio of land and water on earth is approximately in the ratio of 1:2.

About 71 percent of the Earth’s surface is water-covered, and the oceans hold about 96.5 percent of all Earth’s water. Water also exists in the air as water vapor, in rivers and lakes, in icecaps and glaciers, in the ground as soil moisture and in aquifers, and even in you and your dog.

Statement 3 is correct. Pacific Ocean is the largest water mass on the planet. It covers more than 30 percent of the Earth’s surface. With a surface area of more than 155 million square kilometres (60 million square miles), this ocean basin is larger than the landmass of all the continents combined. Additionally, it contains almost twice as much water as the world’s second largest body of water, the Atlantic Ocean.

The correct sequence of the given Continents in the decreasing order of their percentage of Earth’s land are Africa – North America – South America – Europe.

Asia: It is a landmass variously described as part of Eurasia or as Earth’s largest and most populous continent in its own right, located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres. It shares the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe and the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Europe and Africa. Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres (17,212,000 sq mi), about 30% of Earth’s total land area and 8.7% of the Earth’s total surface area.

Africa is the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth’s total surface area and 20% of its land area.

North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of a single continent, America. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometres (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the Earth’s land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the thirdlargest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.

South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.

Antarctica is Earth’s southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,200,000 square kilometres (5,500,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent and nearly twice the size of Australia.

Europe is a landmass variously recognised as part of Eurasia or a continent in its own right, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. Europe covers about 10.18 million km2 (3.93 million sq mi), or 2% of the Earth’s surface (6.8% of land area), making it the second-smallest continent.

Australia is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.[13] It is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world’s sixth-largest country. Australia’s population of nearly 26 million, in an area of 7,617,930 square kilometres.

Statement 1 is incorrect. e axis of earth is inclined to the plane of the ecliptic at an angle of 66 ½ degree, giving rise to different seasons and varying lengths of day and night. Earth rotates on its own axis, tilted at an angle of 23.4 degrees every 23 hour 56 minutes giving rise to Day and Night.The axis of the Earth’s magnetic eld is inclined at an angle of about 15 degrees with the geographical axis.

Statement 2 is correct.The North Magnetic Pole moves over time due to magnetic changes in Earth’s core. In 2001, it was determined by the Geological Survey of Canada to lie west of Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at 81.3°N 110.8°W. It was situated at 83.1°N 117.8°W in 2005.

Statement 3 is correct. The umba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) is an Indian spaceport operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation. It is located in umba, iruvananthapuram which is near the southern tip of mainland India, very close to earth’s magnetic equator.

Rotation of Earth lead to Coriolis effect which influences direction of ocean currents.

Coriolis causes freely moving objects to appear to move to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The objects themselves are actually moving straight, but the Earth is rotating beneath them, so they seem to bend or curve.

Water in the surface currents is pushed in the direction of the major wind belts:

trade winds: east to west between the equator and 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S

westerlies: west to east in the middle latitudes

polar easterlies: east to west between 50 degrees and 60 degrees north and south of the equator and the north and south pole

The density of ocean water influences the speed of the ocean currents.

The density of seawater plays a vital role in causing ocean currents and circulating heat because of the fact that dense water sinks below less dense. Salinity, temperature and depth all affact the density of seawater.

Statement 4 is incorrect. Revolution of Earth does not influence the movement of Ocean Currents.Insolation, Planetary winds, Gravity, Salinity of ocean water, Shape of coastline are some other important factors which influence the movement of ocean currents.

Pair 1 is incorrectly matched. Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth’s continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have “drifted” across the ocean bed. The speculation that continents might have ‘drifted’ was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596. A pioneer of the modern view of mobilise was the Austrian geologist, Otto Ampferer. The concept was independently and more fully developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, but his hypothesis was rejected by many for lack of any motive mechanism. Arthur Holmes later proposed mantle convection for that mechanism. The idea of continental drifte has since been subsumed into the science of plate tectonics, which studies the movement of the continents as they ride on plates of the Earth’s lithosphere.

Edwin Hubble contribution was in describing the universe’s rate of expansion.

Pair 2 is incorrectly matched.The expansion of the universe is the increase in distance between any two given gravitationally unbound parts of the observable universe with time. Edwin Hubble contributed in development of expansion of universe theory. Hubble’s brilliant observation was that the red shift of galaxies was directly proportional to the distance of the galaxy from earth. That meant that things farther away from Earth were moving away faster. In other words, the universe must be expanding. He announced his finding in 1929.

Pair 3 is correctly matched. Photoelectric effect is phenomenon in which electrically charged particles are released from or within a material when it absorbs electromagnetic radiation. The effect is often defined as the ejection of electrons from a metal plate when light falls on it. In a broader de nition, the radiant energy may be infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light, X-rays, or gamma rays; the material may be a solid, liquid, or gas. The released particles may be ions (electrically charged atoms or molecules) as well as electrons. The phenomenon was fundamentally signi cant in the development of modern physics because of the puzzling questions it raised about the nature of light—particle versus wavelike behaviour— that were finally resolved by Albert Einstein in 1905.

The equator is an imaginary line of latitude on the spheroid (Earth), dividing it into southern and northern hemispheres. On earth, this line is approximately 24,901 miles of which only 21.3% lies on land and the rest on the water. The Equator runs through several countries, mainly in Africa and South America. However, Indonesia (Southeast Asia) is straddled the most by the equator.

Singapore is around one-and-a-half degrees north of the equator, lying entirely between the 1st and 2nd parallels. It is nearest to the equator among the above given cities

Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java (the world’s most populous island), its Coordinates are 6°12’S 106°49’E.

Colombo is the capital of Sri Lanka by population. Its Coordinates: 6°56’04”N 79°50’34”E.

Manila, is the capital of the Philippines, and its coordinates are 14°36’N 120°59’E.

The international date line passes through the midPacific Ocean and roughly follows a 180 degrees longitude north-south line on the Earth. It is located halfway around the world from the prime meridian — the 0 degrees longitude line in Greenwich, England.

Bering Strait: The Bering Strait is a strait between the Pacific and Arctic oceans, separating the Chukchi Peninsula of the Russian Far East from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska.

Bering Strait is nearest to the International Date line. The International Date Line runs between the Diomede Islands and St. Lawrence Islands located in the middle of the strait.

The present Russia-United States maritime boundary is at 168° 58’ 37” W longitude, slightly south of the Arctic Circle at about 65° 40’ N latitude.

Malacca Strait: e Strait of Malacca Straits of Malacca is a narrow stretch of water, 580 mi (930 km) in length, between the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra.

Strait of Florida: The Straits of Florida, Florida Straits, or Florida Strait is a strait located south-southeast of the North American mainland, generally accepted to be between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, and between the Florida Keys (U.S.) and Cuba. It is 93 mi (150 km) wide at the narrowest point between Key West and the Cuban shore, and has been sounded to a depth of 6,000 feet. The strait carries the Florida Current, the beginning of the Gulf Stream, from the Gulf of Mexico.

Strait of Gibraltar: The Strait of Gibraltar also known as the Straits of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates the Iberian Peninsula in Europe from Morocco in Africa.

Jupiter and Saturn lie between Mars and Uranus. The International Astronomical Union defines a true planet as a body that circles the sun without being some other object’s satellite; is large enough to be rounded by its own gravity (but not so big that it begins to undergo nuclear fusion, like a star); and has “cleared its neighbourhood” of most other orbiting bodies. The order of the planets in the solar system, starting nearest the sun and working outward is the following: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune

Subrahmanyam Chandrasekhar, an Indian-born scientist is most famous for coming up with the theory that explains the death of the universe’s most massive stars. Chandrasekhar showed that it is impossible for a white dwarf star, which is supported solely by a degenerate gas of electrons, to be stable if its mass is greater than 1.44 times the mass of the Sun. If such a star does not completely exhaust its thermonuclear fuel, then this limiting mass may be slightly larger.

All direct mass determinations of actual white dwarf stars have resulted in masses less than the Chandrasekhar limit. A star that ends its nuclear-burning lifetime with a mass greater than the Chandrasekhar limit must become either a neutron star or a black hole. Before Chandrasekhar, scientists assumed that all stars collapsed into white dwarfs when they died. He determined this isn’t so.

‘The core is made almost entirely of metal—specifically, iron and nickel.
‘The Core of Earth is the very hot, very dense centre of our planet. ‘Ihe ball-shaped core lies beneath the cool, brittle crust and the mostly-solid mantle. The core is found about 2,900 kilometres below Earth’s surface, and has a radius of about 3,485 kilometres.
When Earth was formed about 4.5 billion years ago, it was a uniform ball of hot rock Radioactive decay and leftover heat from planetary formation caused the ball to get even hotter. Eventually, after about 500 million years, Earth’s temperature heated to the melting point of iron—about 1,5380 Celsius. This pivotal moment in Earth’s history is called the iron catastrophe.
The shorthand used for the core’s iron-nickel alloys is
simply the elements’ chemical symbols—NiFe.

Elements that dissolve in iron, called siderophiles, are also found in the core. Because these elements are found much more rarely on Earth’s crust, many siderophiles are classified as “precious metals.” Siderophile elements include gold, platinum, and cobalt. Another key element in Earth’s core is sulphur—in fact 90% of the sulphur on Earth is found in the core.

Albedo is the fraction of light that is reflected by a body or surface. It describes the reflective properties of planets, satellites, and asteroids.
Statement I is correct. Albedo is a non-dimensional, unitless quantity that indicates how well a surface reflects solar energy. The albedo of an object will determine its visual brightness when viewed with reflected light. For example, the planets are viewed by reflected sunlight and their brightness depends upon the amount of light received from the sun and their albedo. When an object reflects most of the light that hits it and looks bright then it has high albedo.
Statement 2 is incorrect. Mercury receives the maximum amount of sunlight, but its albedo is only 0.1 so it is not as bright as it would be with a higher albedo. The albedo of the Earth is 0.37. Therefore, Albedo of Earth is greater than Mercury

Statement I is correct. Tropical deserts are mostly located between 100 to 300 north and south of Equator on the western margins of the continent. These regions lie in the belt of the trade winds. These winds blow from east to west. ‘Ihese winds shed their moisture on the eastern side of the continents. By the time they reach to the western margin of the continents, they had shed their moisture and hence do not cause any rainfall. Thus, most ofthe tropical deserts like ‘Ihe Sahara Desert, the Kalahari Desert, West Australian desert etc. are located on the western margin of the continent. Moreover, these deserts also lie on the leeward side of the mountains and hence the region is also hot and dry.

Statement 2 is incorrect. The average annual rainfall in East Himalayan region is 10,000 mm (390 inches). The Bay of Bengal Branch of Southwest Monsoon is the cause of high rainfall in the north-east Himalayas. ‘Ihe northeast monsoon is confined to south India and brings rainfall from October to December over Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Karaikal, Yanam, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Mahe and south interior Karnataka.

The Great Victoria Desert is a sparsely populated desert ecoregion and interim Australian bioregion in Western Australia and South Australia. It is the largest desert in Australia and consists of many small sandhills, grassland plains, areas with a closely packed surface of pebbles (called desert pavement or gibber plains), and salt lakes. The Grand Canyon is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona, United States. ‘Ihe Grand Canyon is 277 miles (446 km) long, up to 18 miles (29 km) wide and attains a depth of over a mile (6,093 feet or 1,857 meters).
Lake Winnipeg is a very large, relatively shallow 24,514-square-kilometre (9,465 sq mi) lake in North America, in the province of Manitoba, Canada. Its southern end is about 55 kilometres (34 mi) north of the city of Winnipeg. Lake Winnipeg is Canada’s sixth-largest freshwater lake and the third-largest freshwater lake contained entirely within Canada. It is the eleventh-largest freshwater lake on Earth. The lake’s east side has pristine boreal forests and rivers that were in 2018 inscribed as Pimachiowin Aki, a UNESCO World Herita e Site.

The Southern Alps are a mountain range exten ing along much of the length of New Zealand’s South Island, reaching its greatest elevations near the range’s western side. The name “Southern Alps” generally refers to the entire range, although separate names are given to many of the smaller ranges that form part of it.

The sturdy root system of mangrove trees help form a natural barrier against disasters such as tsunamis and roods. River and land sediment is trapped by the roots, which stabilizes shoreline, coastline areas and slows erosion.

Statement I is correct. The stratosphere is very dry, air in lower stratosphere contains little water vapor and there is almost complete absence of thunderstorms. Less water vapour means less drag which helps maintain fuel efficiency.
Statement 2 is correct. Unlike the troposphere, there is almost complete absence of vertical winds or thunderstorms in the lower stratosphere.

Statement I is correct. The sub-tropical high-pressure belts are adiabatic in nature. Hence, they bring little rainfall to the African and Eurasian desert region. Majority ofdeserts are located in the subtropics due to the warming and drying effect of the subsidence generated by high pressure. “Ihe Sahara Desert and Arabian Deserts are good examples of subtropical deserts that largely owe their existence to this climatological feature.
The air converges and rise at the equator due to intense heating, and circulate to the edge of the subtropics where it descends again. This is called the Hadley Cell, and it creates the subtropical high-pressure belt, where high pressure and descending air are found for much of the year.
Statement 2 is incorrect. Warm ocean currents aren’t a necessary condition for the desert belt. For instance, Gobi cold desert doesn’t come under the influence of any warm currents. Moreover, African and Eurasian desert belts lie under the influence of cold ocean currents.

Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets, are rocky, airless remnants left over from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago. Comets are cosmic snowballs of frozen gases, rock, and dust that orbit the Sun.

Statement 1 and 3 are correct.

Asteroids are small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun. Comets are frozen leftovers from the formation of the solar system composed of dust, rock and ices. They range from a few miles to tens of miles wide, but as they orbit closer to the sun, they heat up and spew gases and dust into a glowing head that can be larger than a planet. This material forms a tail that stretches millions of miles.

Statement 2 is incorrect.

‘The asteroid belt is located roughly between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars.
Comets are not limited to any specific region; they are spread all over the solar system.

The equator is an imaginary line that circles the Earth, splitting it into the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Because of this, the intersection point of any location by the equator is equidistant from the North and South poles. Find out what life is like for countries along the equator. Although the equator stretches 40,075 kilometres around the world, it travels through just 13 countries, though only the water controlled by two of these rather than the landmasses themselves.

‘The Equator passes through 13 countries: Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesia and Kiribati. At least half ot these countries rank among the poorest in the world.

Assertion A is an incorrect statement.

The orbital period (also revolution period) is the time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object, and applies in astronomy usually to planets or asteroids orbiting the Sun, moons orbiting planets, exoplanets orbiting other stars, or binary stars. ‘Ihe time taken by Planet Mars to complete one revolution around Sun (687 days) is greater that the time taken by Earth (365 days).
Planets that orbit closer to the Sun than Earth have shorter years than Earth. Planets that orbit farther from the Sun than Earth have longer years than Earth. This happens for two main reasons.
Ifa planet is close to the Sun, the distance it orbits around the Sun is fairly short. This distance is called an orbital path.
The closer a planet travels to the Sun, the more the Sun’s gravity can pull on the planet. ‘Ihe stronger the pull of the Sun’s gravity, the faster the planet orbits.

Statement R is correct.

‘The diameter of the Planet Mars is less than that of the Earth. ‘Ihe diameter of Mars is 6792 Km and the diameter of Earth is 12756.

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen were primarily responsible for the origin of life on the Earth.
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Sulfur combined with Carbon generated the first group of compounds that eventually formed the chemical basis of life.
‘The matter within every living Earth creature mainly consists of just four chemical elements: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen.

The pole star also called the North Star indicates the North direction. Therefore, if the person walks keeping the polestar in his left, he will be travelling in the East direction.

Carbon, Hy drogen, Nitrogen were primarily responsible for the origin of life on the Earth. Carbon is the main element in organic compounds. Organic compounds make up the cells and other structures of organisms and carry out life processes. Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Sulfur combined with Carbon generated the first group of compounds that eventually formed the chemical basis of life.
The matter within every living Earth creature mainly consists of just four chemical elements: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen.

The distribution of water on the Earth’s surface is extremely uneven.
Only 3% of water on the surface is fresh; the remaining 97% resides in the ocean. Of freshwater, 69% resides in glaciers, 30% exists as groundwater, and less than 1% is located in lakes, rivers, and swamps.

Following are leaf modifications of desert plant to inhibit water loss for adaptations and survival in deserts: Wax coatings on leaves prevent water loss through evaporation, which in the hot desert can cause loss ofwater from both the surface and the inside of leaves. Leaves are also smaller on desert plants, further reducing the possibility for water loss.
Deciduous plants in desert ecosystems have adapted through the activity of their leaves. Leaves on these plants are typically smaller and coated with wax to prevent evaporation.
Plants such as aloes are equipped with fleshy leaves that contain much of their water supply. Because of their moist inner bodies, these plants are called succulents. They typically feel spongy and when cut open are filled with a pulpy flesh, protected by a waxy outer layer.
Many plants in the desert conserve water by not having any leaves at all. Cacti are the most prolific of this plant type. Many cacti have spines in place of leaves, which conduct photosynthesis and catch dew when the climate is right. These small structures also reflect light, further reducing water loss. During heavy rains, cacti will grow temporary root systems and absorb water. They will then shed the roots when the ground has dried.

Abyssinian Plateau is also known as Ethiopian Highlands.

Throughout the year, different parts of Earth receive the Sun’s most direct rays. So, when the North Pole tilts toward the Sun, it’s summer in the Northern Hemisphere and the days are longer in the Northern Hemisphere. Similarly, when the South Pole tilts toward the Sun, it’s winter in the Northern Hemisphere and nights are longer in the Northern Hemisphere. Thus, Revolution of Earth on it’s tilted axis causes variations in the length of daytime and night time from season to season.
If the Earth was not tilted on its axis, it would be permanently hot at the equator and cold at the poles. Also, the precipitation patterns would remain the same throughout the year.

The distribution ofwater on the Earth’s surface is extremely uneven. Only 3% of water is fresh and the remaining 97% resides in the ocean.
Of freshwater, 69% resides in glaciers, 30% exists as groundwater, and less than 1% is located in lakes, rivers, and swamps.

All the above are responsible for bringing dynamic changes on the surface of the earth. Transfer from potential to kinetic energy results in dynamic changes.

Option I is correct. Electromagnetic radiation from the sun is source of heat and energy on Earth. This energy is source of all life on earth. It leads to precipitation and weathering of different surfaces.

Option 2 is correct. Geothermal energy is heat derived
within the sub-surface of the earth. It leads to melting of
ice caps, volcanism and other dynamic changes.

Option 3 is correct. Due to the gravitational forces, the Sun, planets, and their moons interact with each other in a way, so that the Solar system is stable. The tides in the oceans are caused by gravitational force which leads to erosion and deposition.

Option 4 is correct. Movements of plates leads to formation of islands, mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes.

Option 5 is correct. Rotation of earth causes day and night, it also results in pressure differences due to differential heating of earth surface. This cause winds to flow and weathering of surfaces, as prominently seen in deserts. Rotation also produces Coriolis affect, which affects the movement of ocean currents.

Option 6 is correct. Revolution of the earth results in different seasons. When surfaces are exposed to different conditions it affects their structural integrity and aids in erosion.

Continental drift and Glacial cycles had an impact on the climate of different regions and thus influenced the evolution of organisms on this planet.

Statement 1 is correct. The study of paleomagnetism (the magnetism residual in rocks) has provided evidence that the earth’s magnetic field has reversed direction every few hundred thousand years— i.e., the north and south poles have switched polarity. Some scientists as well as psychics predict this phenomenon may occur in the near geologic future.

Statement 2 is incorrect. When Earth was first created, there was no oxygen whatsoever. Our Earth’s atmosphere at that time consisted of mostly methane and carbon dioxide. The early atmosphere largely contained water vapour, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia. ‘Ihese gases and were released from the interior solid earth during its cooling off. The process through which the gases were outpoured from the interior is called degassing.

Statement 3 is correct. The process of photosynthesis modified the early atmosphere of the Earth. About 2.4 billion years ago, a type of organism called cyanobacteria evolved on the early Earth and began carrying out photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and energy from the Sun to produce sugar and oxygen. ‘The cyanobacteria were very simple organisms but performed an important role in changing Earth’s early atmosphere. They carried out photosynthesis to produce the materials they needed to grow. They gave off oxygen to the atmosphere as they did this

On 21st June, Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. As a result, Tropic of Cancer receives direct sunlight as sun is directly over Tropic of Cancer and areas beyond the Arctic circle till the pole experience continuous day light for 6 months as the sun does not set below the horizon for 6 months. This signfies it is summer time in the Northern Hemisphere at this period of time. Places in Northern Hemisphere experience longer days and shorter nights.

The Southern-Hemisphere experiences thexaCt&everse7 Conditions. Therefore, It is winter season in the Southern/ bernisphere, the days are shorter and the nights are longee

Statement I is incorrect. Of the total freshwater, 69% resides in glaciers, 30% underground, and less than 1% is located in lakes, rivers, and swamps. ‘Ihus, the amount of water in rivers and lakes is less than amount of undwater.

Statement 2 is correct.

About 2.1% of all of Earth’s water is frozen in glaciers. About three-quarters of Earth’s freshwater is stored in glaciers. Therefore, glacier ice is the second largest reservoir of water on Earth and the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth

• 97.2% is in the oceans and inland seas
• 2.1% is in glaciers
• 0.6% is in groundwater and soil moisture
• less than 1% is in the atmosphere
• less than 1% is in lakes and rivers
• less than 1% is in all living plants and animals.

When trade winds move over warm tropical waters, they pick up moisture and bring heavy rainfall to the windward facing slopes of mountainous areas, contrasting with the downward motion of dry air that creates desert areas on land.

Statement I is correct. Warmer water is transported westward in the ocean by the Northeast trade winds in the Northern hemisphere of the tropical zone (as the figure given below shows). So, in tropical zones, the western section of ocean is warmer than eastern sections due to trade winds.

Statement 2 is correct. Westerlies play an important role in carrying the warm, equatorial waters and winds to the western coasts of continents (that is eastern section of the Oceans in temperate zone). Thus, in temperate zones,westerlies make the eastern section of the ocean warmer than the western sections.

Levant, originally meant ‘the East’ or ‘Mediterranean lands east of Italy’. It is borrowed from the French levant ‘risinS, referring to the rising of the sun in the east, or the point where the sun rises. Historically, the region along the eastern Mediterranean shores, roughly corresponding to modern-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and certain adjacent areas.

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a mountainous landlocked country in southern Central Asia. It borders Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan to the north, Iran to the west, Pakistan to the east and south.

In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year is called the summer solstice.

The maximum amount of sunlight received by the Northern Hemisphere during this time is usually on June 20, 21 or 22.

‘The longest day of 2021 for those living north of the Equator is June 21. This day is referred to as the summer solstice, the longest day of the summer season. It occurs when the sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer, or more specifically right over 23.5 degree north latitude.

Pair 1 is correctly matched: Anatolia, also called Asia Minor, the peninsula of land that today constitutes the Asian portion of Turkey. Because of its location at the point where the continents of Asia and Europe meet, Anatolia was, from the beginnings of civilization, a crossroads for numerous peoples migrating or conquering from either continent.

Pair 2 is correctly matched: The Amhara Region is a regional state in northern Ethiopia and the homeland of the Amhara people. Its capital is Bahir Dar which is the seat of the Regional Government of Amhara. Amhara is bordered by Sudan to the west and northwest and by other the regions of Ethiopia: Tigray to the north, Afar to the east, Benishangul-Gumuz to the west and southwest, and Oromia to the south.

Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: Cabo Delgado is the northernmost province of Mozambique (not Spain). ‘Ihe region is an ethnic stronghold of the Makonde tribe, with the Makua and Mwani as leadin ethnic minorities.

Pair 4 is incorrectly matched: Catalonia occupies a triangular area in the north-eastern corner of Spain (not Italy). Catalonia was formerly a principality of the crown of Aragon, and it has played an important role in the history of the Iberian Peninsula. From the 17th century it was the centre of a separatist movement that sometimes- dominated Spanish affairs.