1.India’s Sodium-Ion Battery Push: A Strategic Shift Beyond Lithium – Science & Technology
Why in News?
- A research team at JNCASR, Bengaluru, has developed a sodium-ion battery (Na-ion) that charges up to 80% in just six minutes.
- This breakthrough underscores India’s efforts to diversify battery technologies and reduce dependence on lithium, which faces supply constraints and geopolitical risks.
Key Highlights
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Why Sodium-Ion? | – Abundant raw material: Sodium can be sourced from seawater. – Lower environmental impact and reduced cost. – Improves energy security by lowering dependence on lithium (dominated by China). |
| Key Players | – JNCASR (Bengaluru) → Developed NASICON-type Na-ion battery. – IIT Bombay → Advancing Na-ion technology. |
| Technical Advancements | – Nanoparticle engineering. – Carbon wrapping. – Aluminum doping → Enhanced conductivity and fast charging. – Supports over 3,000 charge cycles. |
| Advantages of Na-ion Batteries | – Abundant, cheaper materials. – Safer for transport. – Thermal stability over wide temperatures. – Suitable for two-wheelers, drones, solar systems. |
| Limitations | – Lower energy density than lithium-ion. – Design rigidity. – Shorter cycle life (though improving). – High initial costs due to limited commercialisation. |
Strategic Significance
- Reduces dependence on China-dominated lithium supply chain.
- Strengthens India’s position in clean energy technology.
- Supports the Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat goals.
- Potential for scaling up in energy storage for renewable power systems.
Summary
India’s push for sodium-ion battery technology reflects a strategic shift to ensure energy security and reduce dependence on lithium, where supply is dominated by China. Sodium is abundant, safer, and cheaper, making Na-ion batteries promising for electric two-wheelers, drones, and solar storage. Recent breakthroughs, like JNCASR’s fast-charging NASICON battery, show India’s innovation potential. However, challenges like lower energy density, design limitations, and commercial readiness remain. With sustained R&D, India could emerge as a global leader in alternative battery technologies.
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims
1.Consider the following statements about sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries:
1.Sodium is more abundant and cheaper than lithium.
2.Sodium-ion batteries offer higher energy density than lithium-ion batteries.
3.Sodium can be extracted from seawater, making it a readily available resource.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A. 1 and 2
B.1 and 3
C. 2 and 3
D. All of the above
Answer: B. 1 and 3
2.The NASICON technology, recently in news, is associated with:
A.High-temperature superconductors
B. Sodium-ion battery development
C.Nuclear fusion technology
D. Advanced carbon capture techniques
Answer: B. Sodium-ion battery development
Mains
1.Discuss the strategic importance of sodium-ion battery technology for India’s energy security and clean energy transition. What are the key challenges in its widespread adoption? (250 words)
2.Compare sodium-ion batteries with lithium-ion batteries in terms of material availability, performance, and sustainability. How can India leverage sodium-ion technology for its renewable energy goals? (250 words)
2.Cabinet Approves Hike in MSP for Kharif Crops – Economy
Why in News?
- The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by the Prime Minister, has approved an increase in the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for 14 kharif crops for the agricultural year 2025-26.
- Aims to ensure fair remuneration for farmers and price stability in the agricultural sector.
Key Highlights
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| What is MSP? | – A government-fixed price at which it procures crops from farmers. – Ensures minimum profit for farmers, protecting them from price fluctuations. |
| Purpose of MSP Hike | – Support farm incomes. – Promote crop diversification. – Ensure food security and price stability. |
| MSP Recommendations | Made by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) after consulting states, ministries, and stakeholders. |
| MSP Cost Formulas | – A2: Direct costs (seeds, fertilizers, labour hired). – A2+FL: A2 + imputed cost of family labour. – C2: Comprehensive cost, includes rent, interest on owned capital. – Swaminathan Commission → MSP should be C2 + 50%. |
| Crops Covered | – Cereals: Paddy, Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Ragi. – Pulses: Tur (Arhar), Moong, Urad, Gram, Lentil. – Oilseeds: Groundnut, Soybean, Sesame, Sunflower, Mustard, Nigerseed. – Commercial Crops: Cotton, Sugarcane (via Fair and Remunerative Price – FRP), Copra, Raw Jute. |
MSP System: A Quick Recap
| Component | Details |
|---|---|
| Origins | 1960s → Bihar Famine → Need for price assurance → Agricultural Price Commission (1965). |
| CACP | Evolved in 1985 → Recommends MSPs. |
| Decision-Making | Final MSPs approved by CCEA. |
| Significance | Protects farmers from market volatility, ensures food security, incentivizes specific crops. |
Significance of the 2025-26 MSP Hike
- Strengthens farmers’ income security.
- Reflects government’s focus on agriculture and rural welfare.
- Encourages production of nutritionally important crops (e.g., pulses, oilseeds).
- Aims to reduce imports of edible oils and pulses.
Summary
The Cabinet’s approval to increase the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for 14 kharif crops reaffirms the government’s commitment to protecting farmers from market risks and ensuring fair prices. MSP, recommended by the CACP, is based on detailed cost formulas like A2, A2+FL, and C2, with the Swaminathan Commission advocating for MSP = C2 + 50%. Covering a wide range of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and commercial crops, the MSP system is a crucial tool for agricultural policy, food security, and income support for India’s farmers.
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims
1.Consider the following statements about the Minimum Support Price (MSP) system in India:
1.The MSP for crops in India is recommended by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).
2.The Swaminathan Commission recommended that MSP should be at least 50% above the A2 cost.
3.The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) takes the final decision on MSPs.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A.1 and 2 only
B.1 and 3 only
C. 1, 2, and 3
D.2 and 3 only
Answer: B.1 and 3 only
(Note: The Swaminathan Commission recommended MSP = C2 + 50%, not A2 + 50%.)
2.Which of the following crops are covered under the MSP system in India?
1.Paddy
2.Tur (Arhar)
3.Cotton
4.Copra
5.Tea
Select the correct answer:
A. 1, 2, 3, and 4 only
B. 1, 2, and 5 only
C.2, 3, 4, and 5 only
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
Answer: A. 1, 2, 3, and 4 only
(Tea is not covered under MSP.)
Mains Practice Questions
1.Explain the significance of the Minimum Support Price (MSP) system for Indian agriculture. Discuss the recent changes in MSP for kharif crops and their potential impact on farmers’ income and crop patterns. (250 words)
2.Critically evaluate the MSP system as a tool for ensuring food security and farmer welfare in India. What reforms are necessary to make MSP more effective and inclusive? (250 words)
3.Decline in Poverty and Inequality in India: Insights from NSO Household Surveys (2011–2024) – Economy
Why in News?
- The National Statistical Office (NSO) released data from the Household Consumption Expenditure Surveys (HCES) 2022-23 and 2023-24, offering updated insights on poverty and inequality in India.
- Key findings:
- Sharp decline in poverty.
- Moderate decline in inequality.
Key Highlights
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Poverty Lines (Rangarajan Methodology) | – Rural poverty line: ₹972 (2011-12) → ₹1,940 (2023-24). – Urban poverty line: ₹1,407 (2011-12) → ₹2,736 (2023-24). |
| Poverty Ratio Trends | – Overall poverty: 29.5% (2011-12) → 4.9% (2023-24). – Extreme poverty: 16.2% (2011-12) → 2.3% (2023-24). – Over 170 million people lifted out of extreme poverty. |
| Contributing Factors | – GDP growth: 7.6% (2022-23) → 9.2% (2023-24). – Changes in Consumer Price Index (CPI): Overall inflation declined, but food inflation remained high. |
| Gini Coefficient Trends | – Moderate decline, especially in urban areas → Indicates improved consumption equality. |
| Global Comparison | India’s poverty reduction aligns with global efforts but stands out for its rapid decline in extreme poverty. |
Broader Insights
| Theme | Details |
|---|---|
| Depth of Poverty | Most poor are now near the poverty line, offering scope for targeted policies. |
| Inequality | Despite GDP growth, inequality remains moderately high; focus needed on inclusion and access. |
| Caveats | – Data for future trends is awaited. – Rising food inflation could impact poverty reduction efforts. |
| Opportunities | – Leverage data-driven policies. – Focus on rural infrastructure, education, health. |
Summary
India has witnessed a dramatic decline in poverty from 29.5% in 2011-12 to 4.9% in 2023-24, with extreme poverty falling to 2.3%. This success is attributed to GDP growth, policy interventions, and inflation control. The Gini coefficient, a measure of inequality, shows a moderate decline, indicating improved consumption equality, especially in urban areas. However, challenges like food inflation persist. The concentration of the poor near the poverty line signals an opportunity for targeted interventions to sustain this progress.
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims Practice Questions
1.Consider the following statements about poverty trends in India:
1.India’s overall poverty ratio has declined to single-digit levels as per recent NSO surveys.
2.The Gini coefficient measures the depth of poverty in India.
3.The Rangarajan Committee’s methodology is used to calculate India’s poverty line.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C.1 and 2 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
Answer: A.1 and 3 only
(Note: The Gini coefficient measures inequality, not poverty depth.)
2.Which of the following factors have contributed to India’s decline in poverty levels in recent years?
1.GDP growth
2.Decrease in overall CPI inflation
3.Improved employment in agriculture.
Select the correct answer:
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D.1, 2, and 3
Answer:A. 1 and 2 only
(Note: Agricultural employment has not seen significant growth; the services and industrial sectors have been key drivers.)
Mains
1.Discuss the key findings of the NSO’s Household Consumption Expenditure Surveys (2011-2024) on poverty and inequality in India. What are the major factors behind poverty reduction, and what challenges remain? (250 words)
2.While India has seen a significant decline in poverty levels, inequality remains a concern. Examine the trends in inequality and suggest policy measures to ensure inclusive growth. (250 words)
4.India’s Financial Sector Reforms Need a Shake-Up – Economy
Why in News?
- India’s financial sector—comprising banking, financial services, and insurance (BFSI)—is facing structural inefficiencies.
- Despite ongoing reforms, savings, investments, and growth remain constrained.
- A comprehensive, intelligent restructuring is needed to enhance transparency, efficiency, and inclusivity.
Key Challenges in the Financial Sector
| Issue | Details |
|---|---|
| Disjointed Nomination Framework | Confusion over nominee vs. legal heir rights leads to disputes and exploitation. A unified nomination system across BFSI is needed. |
| Weak Corporate Bond Market | – Despite reforms, India’s corporate bond market remains illiquid and opaque. – Limits fund-raising and increases capital costs → Hurts business viability and job creation. |
| UBO Disclosure Gaps | – Weak Ultimate Beneficial Ownership (UBO) norms allow regulatory evasion. – Strengthening UBO norms is crucial for transparency and market integrity. |
| Inefficient Retirement Planning | – Overdependence on costly annuity products harms savers. – Need for long-dated, zero-coupon government securities as alternatives. |
| Shadow Banking Risks | – Rapid, unregulated growth of NBFCs poses systemic risks. – High-interest loans and risky practices mirror pre-2008 financial crisis trends. |
Broader Implications
| Impact | Details |
|---|---|
| Savings & Investment | Inadequate financial structures deter long-term savings and productive investments. |
| Financial Inclusion | Regulatory gaps and inefficiencies exclude vulnerable groups. |
| Economic Growth | Weak financial intermediation hinders capital formation and job creation. |
| Global Investor Confidence | Opaque practices deter foreign investment. A transparent system would attract global capital. |
Way Forward: Reform Priorities
- Unified Nomination System: Clear legal guidelines on nominee vs. heir rights.
- Corporate Bond Market Deepening: Improve transparency, liquidity, and market access.
- Strengthen UBO Rules: Mandatory, verifiable disclosures for ownership transparency.
- Retirement Products Reform: Introduce low-cost, long-term savings options beyond annuities.
- NBFC Regulation: Enhanced supervision of shadow banking practices to prevent systemic risks.
- Technology Integration: Use fintech to improve transparency, access, and compliance.
Summary
India’s financial sector faces challenges like inconsistent nomination rules, a fragile corporate bond market, weak UBO disclosures, costly retirement options, and risky shadow banking practices. These inefficiencies limit savings, investment, and inclusive growth. A cohesive, transparent regulatory framework—with a focus on market integrity, financial inclusion, and global competitiveness—is critical for transforming India’s financial sector into a resilient engine of economic growth.
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims Practice Questions
1.Consider the following statements:
1.The corporate bond market in India is highly liquid and transparent.
2.Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) are fully regulated by the Reserve Bank of India.
3.Ultimate Beneficial Ownership (UBO) disclosures are critical for market integrity and transparency.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A.1 and 2 only
B.2 and 3 only
C. 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
Answer: C. 3 only
2.The primary objectives of reforming India’s financial sector include:
1.Reducing systemic risks in shadow banking.
2.Improving transparency in ownership disclosures.
3.Encouraging savings and investment through efficient instruments.
4.Promoting monopolistic market structures for financial institutions.
Select the correct answer:
A.1, 2, and 3 only
B. 1 and 4 only
C. 2 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3, and 4
Answer: A. 1, 2, and 3 only
Mains
1.India’s financial sector faces persistent inefficiencies despite reform efforts. Critically examine the key challenges in the BFSI sector and suggest reforms to build a more transparent, efficient, and inclusive financial system. (250 words)
2.Discuss the importance of a robust corporate bond market and effective Ultimate Beneficial Ownership (UBO) disclosures in promoting transparency and economic growth in India. (250 words)
5.Supreme Court Collegium and the Transfer of Chief Justices – Polity
Why in News?
- The Supreme Court Collegium recently recommended the transfer of four Chief Justices from the High Courts of Madras, Rajasthan, Tripura, and Jharkhand.
- This highlights the judicial transfer system and the role of the Collegium in India’s judiciary.
Key Takeaways
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Collegium System | Mechanism for appointing and transferring judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. |
| Purpose | Ensure judicial independence and reduce executive interference. |
| Why Transfers? | – To maintain judicial efficiency. – Prevent local biases and ensure a balanced judiciary. |
| Recent Action | Transfers of Chief Justices from four High Courts → Reflects ongoing judicial reshuffling. |
The Collegium System: Historical Evolution
| Key Event | Impact |
|---|---|
| First Judges Case (1981) | Executive (government) had primary control over appointments. |
| Second Judges Case (1993) | Shifted primacy to the Chief Justice of India (CJI); “consultation” = binding concurrence. |
| Third Judges Case (1998) | Expanded Collegium → CJI + 4 senior-most SC judges for Supreme Court appointments. |
Process of Appointments and Transfers
| For Supreme Court Judges | – Collegium = CJI + 4 senior-most SC judges. <br> – Recommends names to the President via the Law Ministry. |
|---|---|
| For High Court Judges | – Proposal initiated by the Chief Justice of the High Court, in consultation with 2 senior-most colleagues. – Sent to state government, then to Supreme Court Collegium. |
| For Transfers (Article 222) | – Collegium can recommend transfers. – Consent not required, but consultation with the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court is necessary. |
Significance of the Collegium System
- Ensures judicial autonomy by insulating appointments from political influence.
- Maintains checks and balances in the constitutional framework.
- Supports a diverse, independent, and impartial judiciary.
Summary
The Supreme Court Collegium is the key mechanism for judicial appointments and transfers in India. Evolving from the First to the Third Judges Cases, it shifted the primacy from the executive to senior judges, protecting judicial independence. The recent transfers of four High Court Chief Justices reflect the Collegium’s role in maintaining a balanced, independent judiciary. The system faces criticism for lack of transparency, but remains a vital safeguard against political interference in the judiciary.
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims
1.Consider the following statements:
1.The Collegium system for judicial appointments in India is explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.
2.The Supreme Court Collegium includes the CJI and four senior-most judges for appointing Supreme Court judges.
3.Consent of a High Court judge is mandatory for their transfer under Article 222 of the Constitution.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A.1 and 2 only
B. 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
Answer: b) 2 only
(Note: The Collegium system is based on judicial precedent, not the Constitution. Consent is not required for transfers under Article 222.)
2.The Collegium system in India was established through:
A. A Constitutional amendment
B. The Second Judges Case
C.The Constituent Assembly Debates
D. An Act of Parliament
Answer: B. The Second Judges Case
Mains
1.Discuss the evolution of the Collegium system in India. How does it safeguard judicial independence, and what are the challenges associated with it? (250 words)
2.Examine the constitutional provisions and judicial interpretations related to the transfer of High Court judges in India. Do you think the Collegium system needs reform? Justify your answer. (250 words)
6.Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary – Environment
Why in News?
- The Himachal Pradesh Forest Department recently suspended the user charge for visitors to the Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary in Sirmaur district.
- The decision highlights the sanctuary’s importance as a biodiversity hotspot and spiritual destination in Himachal Pradesh.
Key Highlights
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Location | Sirmaur district, Himachal Pradesh |
| Established | 1985 |
| Area | 56 sq.km |
| Significance | Surrounds the Churdhar Peak – the highest peak in the outer Himalayas. |
| Panoramic Views | Offers views of the Gangetic plains (south), Satluj River (south), and Badrinath (north). |
| Spiritual Importance | Home to a Lord Shiva temple at the summit; attracts pilgrims and trekkers. |
| Flora | – Herbal and aromatic plants: Wild Himalayan Cherry, Aloe Vera (Dhrit Kumari), Amaranthus spinosus (Chulai). – Main trees: Oak, Deodar. |
| Fauna | – Musk deer, Black bear, Leopard, Monal (Himalayan pheasant). |
| Tourism | Popular for trekking, biodiversity exploration, and pilgrimage. |
Ecological and Cultural Significance
| Ecological Role | Cultural Role |
|---|---|
| – Supports rare and medicinal plants. – Habitat for threatened species like musk deer. – Maintains Himalayan biodiversity. | – Pilgrimage site for devotees of Lord Shiva. – Integral to local culture and traditions. |
Summary
The Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary, established in 1985 in Sirmaur district, Himachal Pradesh, is a vital ecological and spiritual site. Spanning 56 sq.km, it surrounds the Churdhar Peak, the highest in the outer Himalayas, offering breathtaking views and housing a Lord Shiva temple. The sanctuary protects diverse flora, including medicinal plants, and fauna such as musk deer, black bear, and monal. Recent suspension of the user charge reaffirms the sanctuary’s role in promoting eco-tourism, biodiversity conservation, and spiritual heritage.
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims
1.Consider the following statements about the Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary:
1.It is located in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh.
2.The sanctuary is home to medicinal plants like Wild Himalayan Cherry and Aloe Vera.
3.Churdhar Peak is the highest peak in the outer Himalayas.
4.The sanctuary is home to the Himalayan monal, musk deer, and black bear.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A. 2, 3, and 4 only
B.1, 2, and 3 only
C.1 and 3 only
D. All of the above
Answer: A. 2, 3, and 4 only
(Note: The sanctuary is in Sirmaur district, not Kinnaur.)
2.Which of the following is NOT typically found in the Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary?
A. Monal (Himalayan pheasant)
B.Wild Himalayan Cherry
C. Olive Ridley Turtle
D. Musk Deer
Answer: C. Olive Ridley Turtle
(Note: Olive Ridley Turtle is a marine species found along India’s coasts, not in Himalayan sanctuaries.)
Mains Practice Questions
1.Discuss the ecological and spiritual significance of the Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh. What measures can be taken to promote sustainable tourism while preserving biodiversity in such fragile ecosystems? (250 words)
2.Highlight the role of protected areas like Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary in conserving biodiversity and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in India. (250 words)
7.The Importance of the Deputy Speaker – Polity
Why in News?
- The Deputy Speaker’s position in the Lok Sabha has remained vacant for six years (since 2019).
- This prolonged vacancy raises serious constitutional and democratic concerns in India’s parliamentary system.
- The absence of an Opposition member in this role undermines parliamentary balance.
Key Highlights
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Deputy Speaker’s Role | – Assists the Speaker in conducting the proceedings of the Lok Sabha. – Ensures accountability and fair debate in the House. – Symbol of parliamentary cooperation between ruling and opposition parties. |
| Constitutional Provisions | – Article 93: Mandates the election of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker. – Article 95: Empowers the Deputy Speaker to act as Speaker in their absence. – Article 96: Allows the Deputy Speaker to vote in proceedings on their own removal. |
| Election Process | – Date set by the Speaker → Announced via Parliamentary Bulletin. – Elected by a majority vote in Lok Sabha. |
| Tenure | – Holds office until the Lok Sabha is dissolved or until resignation/removal. |
| Participation in Debates | – Can participate in debates and voting when not presiding. – Can only cast a vote in the event of a tie when presiding. |
| Order of Precedence | Deputy Speaker ranks tenth in India’s official hierarchy. |
| Parliamentary Convention | Traditionally, the Deputy Speaker’s post is offered to an Opposition MP to maintain political balance. |
| Current Concern | – No Deputy Speaker for six years. – Reflects breakdown in consensus-building and parliamentary cooperation. – Weakens constitutional norms and democratic integrity. |
Why the Deputy Speaker Matters
| Significance | Impact |
|---|---|
| Democratic Balance | Represents the Opposition, ensures checks on the ruling party. |
| Parliamentary Functioning | Helps manage proceedings, ensuring continuity in the Speaker’s absence. |
| Constitutional Mandate | Vacancy for prolonged periods violates constitutional expectations under Article 93. |
| Cooperative Politics | Absence reflects a lack of consensus-building and weakens parliamentary conventions. |
Summary
The Deputy Speaker’s position is a critical pillar of India’s parliamentary democracy, symbolising bipartisanship and facilitating the smooth functioning of the Lok Sabha. The six-year vacancy of this post undermines constitutional provisions (Article 93), disrupts parliamentary functioning, and erodes trust between the ruling and opposition parties. It also compromises the principles of cooperative federalism and democratic integrity.
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims Practice Questions
1.Consider the following statements about the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha:
1.The Deputy Speaker’s election is mandated under Article 93 of the Constitution.
2.The Deputy Speaker can participate in debates and vote on all issues, even when presiding.
3.The Deputy Speaker is typically chosen from the ruling party as a matter of parliamentary convention.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 only
C.1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
Answer: B. 1 only
(Note: The Deputy Speaker can only vote in a tie-breaker situation when presiding, and is traditionally chosen from the Opposition, not the ruling party.)
2.The Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha:
A.Is elected by the Rajya Sabha.
B. Must resign when the Speaker resigns.
C. Presides over the Lok Sabha in the absence of the Speaker.
D. Has no role in the order of precedence.
Answer: C. Presides over the Lok Sabha in the absence of the Speaker.
Mains
1.Discuss the constitutional provisions, significance, and challenges related to the office of the Deputy Speaker in India. How does the prolonged vacancy of this post affect the democratic process? (250 words)
2.The Deputy Speaker’s role is essential for the smooth functioning of parliamentary democracy in India. Examine the implications of the recent prolonged vacancy in this post and suggest reforms to strengthen the system. (250 words)