21st May 2025-Current Affairs

1. Data Governance at the Panchayat Level – Governance

Why in News?

In an era where data is crucial for effective governance and policy-making, India continues to face challenges in data generation, access, and application, particularly at the Panchayat (local self-government) level.
To address these issues, the Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) was launched in April 2025.

Key Concepts and Issues

1. Importance of Data in Governance

• Evidence-based decision making is increasingly central to governance.
• Accurate and accessible data enables targeted policy interventions and improved delivery of public services.

2. Challenges in Data Availability and Usability

• Fragmented Data Systems: Various government departments maintain separate databases with little interoperability.
• Delayed Census & Methodological Inconsistencies:
  • Postponed census (last held in 2011) limits recent and reliable demographic data.
  • Inconsistent survey methodologies hamper time-series comparisons.
• Poor Usability and Accessibility:
  • Government data portals are often not user-friendly.
  • Technical jargon, lack of standardization, and unstructured formats reduce usability.
• Disconnect with Grassroots Needs:
  • Data is often created for higher-level administrative planning and not tailored to local-level governance.
  • Local bodies like Gram Panchayats lack access to relevant, comprehensible data.

Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI):

What is the PAI?

• Launched: April 2025
• Objective: To bridge the gap between data generation and its actual use at the Panchayat level.
• Structure: Uses local development indicators aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Key Features

• Local Relevance: Focused on district and sub-district level indicators.
• Data-Outcome Linkage: Aligns development data with measurable outcomes.
• Empowerment Through Information: Helps Panchayats make informed decisions about service delivery and planning.
• Training & Capacity Building: Emphasizes the need for trained local data analysts to interpret and act on data.

Implications and Way Forward

Simplified Analogy

Think of data like GPS in a car. Without accurate and real-time directions (data), the driver (local government) cannot reach the desired destination (development goals). The PAI acts like an upgraded GPS — tailored for rural routes — ensuring that even the smallest village can navigate its way to better governance.

SUMMARY

• Despite a growing focus on data-driven governance, India struggles with fragmented, inaccessible, and non-localized data.
• The Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) launched in April 2025 is a step toward empowering grassroots governance by making local data understandable, usable, and linked to development outcomes.
• Effective implementation requires training local data analysts, political will, and ongoing community participation.
• PAI could redefine rural development by enabling Panchayats to make evidence-based decisions aligned with SDGs.

Exam Connect – Possible Questions

Prelims

1. Which of the following best describes the Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI)?
   A. A scheme for funding Panchayats directly based on GDP contribution
   B. An index to measure local governance performance linked to SDG indicators
   C. A digital payment platform for rural transactions
   D. A central database of state government budget allocations
   Answer: B.An index to measure local governance performance linked to SDG indicators
   
   
2. Which of the following are challenges in effective data usage at the Panchayat level?
   1. Delayed Census
   2. Lack of standardized data formats
   3. Access to high-quality private sector data
   4. Data generated primarily for higher administrative levels
      Select the correct answer:
      A. 1 and 2 only
      B. 1, 2, and 4 only
      C. 2 and 3 only
      D. All of the above
      Answer: B.1, 2, and 4 only
      

Mains

1. Discuss the role of the Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) in transforming grassroots governance in India. How can it address challenges in data usage and local planning? (250 words)

2. “Data is the new oil, but its benefits must trickle down to the grassroots.” In the context of Indian local governance, analyze the systemic challenges in data generation and suggest reforms for inclusive data governance. (250 words)

2. Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) Scheme – Polity

Why in News?

The Union Home Minister recently launched a new OCI Portal in New Delhi, emphasizing the significance and evolving features of the Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) scheme.

Background & Legal Basis

• The OCI scheme was introduced by amending the Citizenship Act, 1955 in August 2005.
• It aims to strengthen the connection between India and the global Indian diaspora, without granting full citizenship.

Eligibility Criteria for OCI

A foreign national is eligible for OCI status if they:

1. Were a citizen of India on or after January 26, 1950.
2. Are the children, grandchildren, or great-grandchildren of such individuals.
3. Are minor children of:
   • Indian citizens, or
   • OCI cardholders.
4. Are spouses of Indian citizens or OCI cardholders, provided:
   • The marriage has lasted at least 2 years before the application.

Note: Persons from Pakistan or Bangladesh are not eligible for OCI status, even if otherwise eligible.

Benefits of OCI Status

Renunciation and Cancellation of OCI

• Voluntary Renunciation: An OCI cardholder may voluntarily renounce the status by submitting a declaration.
• Cancellation by Government: The Central Government may cancel OCI registration if:
  • It was obtained fraudulently.
  • The person has shown disaffection towards the Constitution of India.
  • The individual has violated provisions of the Citizenship Act or any Indian law.

Significance of the OCI Scheme

• Enhances diaspora engagement and India’s global soft power.
• Enables smoother travel, education, and investment for Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs).
• Balances inclusivity with national security and sovereignty through restrictions on political participation.

Recent Development

• A new OCI portal has been launched in 2024-25 to streamline services and increase accessibility for overseas Indians.

Simplified Analogy

Imagine the OCI status as a “long-term guest pass” to India — offering many facilities like entry, education, and business opportunities — but without the “voting rights” or access to political office that a full membership (citizenship) would provide.

SUMMARY

The OCI scheme, launched via amendment to the Citizenship Act in 2005, provides lifelong visa access and economic and educational parity to persons of Indian origin living abroad. However, it does not grant full citizenship rights such as voting or holding public office. The recently launched OCI portal reflects the government’s effort to modernize and facilitate diaspora engagement. Eligibility is based on descent or marital connection to Indian citizens, with restrictions to ensure national integrity.

Exam Connect – Possible Questions

Prelims

1. Which of the following statements is true regarding the Overseas Citizen of India (OCI)?
   A. OCI cardholders are allowed to vote in Indian general elections.
   B. OCI status equates to dual citizenship.
   C. OCI cardholders enjoy parity with NRIs in educational fields.
   D. Citizens of Pakistan are eligible for OCI.
   Answer: C. OCI cardholders enjoy parity with NRIs in educational fields.
   
   
2. Which of the following can lead to cancellation of OCI status?
   1. Disaffection towards the Indian Constitution
   2. Holding a government post in India
   3. Obtaining OCI through fraudulent means
   4. Investing in agricultural land in India
      Select the correct answer:
      A. 1, 2, and 3
      B. 1 and 3 only
      C. 2 and 4 only
      D. All of the above
      Answer: B.1 and 3 only
      

Mains

1. Discuss the significance of the Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) scheme in promoting India’s engagement with its diaspora. What are the limitations of this scheme? (250 words)

2. Critically examine the legal and constitutional dimensions of the OCI status in India. How does it balance diaspora outreach with sovereign interests? (250 words)

3. Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) – Nationwide Inspection Amidst Cost Overruns -Governance

Why in News?

The Government of India has ordered a nationwide review and inspection of Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) projects. This decision follows concerns over cost escalations and uneven implementation.
100 teams of Central Nodal Officers will inspect projects across 135 districts in 29 States/UTs.

Overview of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)

Mission Strategy and Key Features

1. Community-Led Water Supply:
   • Emphasizes a bottom-up approach, empowering Gram Panchayats and local institutions.
   • Aims to create a people’s movement for water conservation and efficient use.
2. Sustainability Measures:
   • Focus on source sustainability, water quality monitoring, and greywater management.
   • Convergence with schemes like MGNREGA and Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin (SBM-G).
3. Institutional Strengthening:
   • Capacity building of Village Water & Sanitation Committees (VWSCs).
   • Use of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) to raise awareness.

Progress So Far (as of 2024–25)

Significant expansion, but not uniform across states.

Key Challenges

Why the Nationwide Inspection Now?

• Escalating costs and irregular fund utilization prompted a review by the Cabinet Secretary.
• Deployment of 100 Central Nodal Officer teams for on-ground inspection.
• Aimed at ensuring:
  • Cost-efficiency
  • Quality assurance
  • Timely completion of projects

Governance Implications

• Transparency & Accountability: Inspections aim to curb inefficiencies and corruption.
• Federal Coordination: Highlights the challenges in Centre-State implementation synergy.
• Public Service Delivery: JJM serves as a model to assess large-scale rural welfare initiatives.

Linkages with Other Schemes

Simplified Analogy

Think of the Jal Jeevan Mission like installing water pipelines in every rural home as part of a nationwide plumbing project. But if the pipes are leaky, not maintained, or cost more than expected, the system fails. The inspections are like sending a team of plumbers and auditors to check each connection.

SUMMARY

The Jal Jeevan Mission, launched in 2019, is one of India’s largest rural infrastructure schemes aimed at delivering tap water to every rural household by 2024. Despite impressive progress, the mission is facing major hurdles including cost overruns, slow implementation in some states, and quality control issues.
In response, the Centre has dispatched 100 nodal teams to inspect projects nationwide to enforce transparency, quality, and cost-efficiency.

Exam Connect – Possible Questions

Prelims

1. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Jal Jeevan Mission?
   A. Centrally Sponsored Scheme
   B. Focus on individual household tap connections in rural areas
   C. Direct cash transfer to rural households for water bills
   D. Emphasis on community-led water management
   Answer: C. Direct cash transfer to rural households for water bills
   
   
2. Consider the following statements about the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM):
   1. It was launched in 2015.
   2. It aims to provide tap water connections to all urban households.
   3. It promotes synergy with schemes like MGNREGA.
      Which of the statements is/are correct?
      A. 1 and 2 only
      B. 3 only
      C. 2 and 3 only
      D. All of the above
      Answer: B. 3 only
      

Mains

1. “The Jal Jeevan Mission represents a paradigm shift in rural water governance in India.” Examine the key objectives, achievements, and challenges of the scheme. (250 words)

2. Critically analyze the governance and implementation challenges faced by large-scale rural infrastructure programs like the Jal Jeevan Mission. What measures can improve their efficiency and transparency? (250 words)

4. National Investigation Agency (NIA) – Polity

Why in News?

The National Investigation Agency (NIA) recently arrested two individuals, including an alleged militant, in connection with violent incidents in Manipur, once again spotlighting the agency’s crucial role in India’s internal security architecture.

Background & Establishment

• Established by: National Investigation Agency Act, 2008
• Context: Formed post-26/11 Mumbai terror attacks (2008), which exposed gaps in India’s counter-terrorism mechanisms.
• Nature: Central counter-terrorism agency with investigative and prosecution powers.

Objectives and Mandate

• Investigate and prosecute offenses that threaten the sovereignty, security, and integrity of India.
• Operate independently but also in coordination with State Police and other agencies.
• Focused on terrorism-related crimes, including those with inter-state and international ramifications.

Jurisdiction of the NIA

• Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA)
• Arms Act
• Explosives Act
• Atomic Energy Act, etc. |

Operational Framework

• Triggering an Investigation:
  Initiated when the Central Government believes that a Scheduled Offense is involved and deems it fit for the NIA to take over.
• Powers:
  • Investigate and file charge sheets.
  • Prosecute cases in Special NIA Courts.
  • Conduct search and seizure operations.
  • Coordinate with State police forces and intelligence agencies.
  • Seek cooperation from foreign governments under international conventions.
• Special NIA Courts:
  • Set up across India.
  • Designated by the Central Government in consultation with Chief Justices of High Courts.

Organizational Structure

• Headquarters: New Delhi
• Zonal Offices: Located in key cities including Guwahati, Jammu, Hyderabad, Mumbai, etc.
• Director-General (DG): Usually a senior IPS officer, appointed by the Central Government.

Recent Developments & Relevance

• Arrests linked to ethnic violence in Manipur highlight NIA’s expanding focus on internal insurgency and communal violence.
• Increasing use of NIA for cases involving radicalization, cyber-terrorism, and international terror financing.

Legal and Constitutional Aspects

• Operates under the Union List (Entry 8): Central Government’s exclusive power over criminal law and procedure concerning national security.
• Its overriding jurisdiction sometimes creates Centre-State friction, especially when States are not consulted before the takeover of cases.

Challenges and Criticism

Role in National Security

The NIA is a cornerstone of India’s counter-terrorism architecture, tackling:

• Jihadi terrorism
• Left-wing extremism
• Insurgent groups in the Northeast
• Terror financing and fake currency networks

Simplified Analogy

Think of the NIA as India’s federal anti-terrorism detective agency—like a national SWAT + CBI hybrid—that can step in when crimes are too serious, too widespread, or too sensitive for state police to handle alone.

SUMMARY

The National Investigation Agency (NIA), created through the NIA Act of 2008, is India’s premier counter-terrorism agency. It holds jurisdiction across the country and even extraterritorially, to probe crimes that threaten national security. With powers to investigate, arrest, and prosecute offenders in Special NIA Courts, the agency plays a central role in managing terrorism, insurgency, and related crimes. However, its operation sometimes raises concerns about federalism and overreach.

Exam Connect – Possible Questions

Prelims

1. The National Investigation Agency (NIA) was established under which law?
   A. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967
   B. National Security Act, 1980
   C. National Investigation Agency Act, 2008
   D. Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002
   Answer: C. National Investigation Agency Act, 2008
   
   
2. Which of the following are Scheduled Offenses under the NIA Act?
   1. Explosives Act
   2. Arms Act
   3. Forest Conservation Act
   4. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act
      Select the correct answer:
      A. 1, 2, and 4 only
      B. 2 and 3 only
      C. 1 and 3 only
      D. All of the above
      Answer: A . 1, 2, and 4 only
      

Mains

1. “The National Investigation Agency (NIA) has become a key institution in India’s fight against terrorism, but its operations must balance efficiency with accountability.” Discuss. (250 words)

2. Evaluate the jurisdictional powers of the NIA. How does its role intersect with the principles of federalism in India? (250 words)

5. Mullaperiyar Dam: Geography, Dispute & Environmental Concerns – Geography

Why in News?

The Supreme Court has directed Tamil Nadu and Kerala to engage expert consultations and resolve their long-standing dispute over the Mullaperiyar Dam, focusing on issues of safety, management, and interstate cooperation.

Location & Physical Geography

Construction and Design

• Surkhi: A mixture of burnt brick powder, sugar, and calcium oxide
• Limestone |
  | Type | Masonry gravity dam |
  | Height | 53.6 meters (176 feet) |
  | Length | 365.7 meters (1,200 feet) |
  | Storage Capacity | 443 million cubic meters (11.5 billion cubic feet) |
  | Reservoir Area | 8.5 square kilometers |

Purpose & Utility

• The dam was constructed primarily to divert water eastward from the Periyar River (Kerala) to the Vaigai River basin (Tamil Nadu).
• Key Uses:
  • Irrigation in drought-prone areas of Tamil Nadu (notably Theni, Madurai, Dindigul, Sivaganga, and Ramanathapuram districts)
  • Drinking water supply
  • Hydroelectric power generation

Legal & Administrative Context

Controversy: Tamil Nadu vs. Kerala

Environmental and Ecological Concerns

• The dam lies within Periyar Tiger Reserve, home to:
  • Elephants, tigers, gaurs
  • Endemic species of flora and fauna
• Potential ecological risk if the dam fails or if storage levels affect habitat balance

Simplified Analogy

Think of the Mullaperiyar Dam as a shared apartment built over a century ago, where one tenant (Kerala) owns the land and another (Tamil Nadu) still lives and controls the water flow based on an old agreement. Now, the building is aging, and both are arguing whether to renovate, rebuild, or vacate, with the Supreme Court acting as the landlord trying to broker peace.

SUMMARY

The Mullaperiyar Dam, built by the British between 1887 and 1895, sits on the Periyar River in Kerala but is operated by Tamil Nadu under a 999-year lease. It plays a vital role in providing irrigation and water supply to several Tamil Nadu districts.
However, growing concerns about the dam’s age, structural safety, and environmental sensitivity have led to repeated disputes. The Supreme Court’s recent directive calls for expert intervention to help the states reach a mutually acceptable resolution.

Exam Connect – Possible Questions

Prelims

1. The Mullaperiyar Dam is located on which river?
   A. Vaigai
   B. Mullayar
   C. Periyar
   D. Bharathapuzha
   Answer: C . Periyar
   
   
2. Which of the following materials were used in the construction of the Mullaperiyar Dam?
   1. Cement
   2. Sugar
   3. Burnt brick powder
   4. Calcium oxide
      Select the correct answer:
      A. 1 and 3 only
      B. 2, 3, and 4 only
      C. 1 and 2 only
      D. All of the above
      Answer: B . 2, 3, and 4 only
      
      
3. Consider the following statements:
   1. The Mullaperiyar Dam is maintained by Tamil Nadu.
   2. It lies within the Periyar National Park.
   3. It was built using reinforced concrete.
      Which of the above statements are correct?
      A. 1 and 2 only
      B. 1 and 3 only
      C. 2 and 3 only
      D. All of the above
      Answer: A 1 and 2 only
      

Mains

1. Discuss the inter-state dimensions of the Mullaperiyar Dam issue. How can federalism be strengthened while resolving such water disputes in India? (250 words)

2. The Mullaperiyar Dam controversy reflects the growing tension between environmental safety and developmental needs. Examine the ecological and humanitarian stakes involved. (250 words)

6. Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT): Role and Recent Updates – Economy

Why in News?

The Government of India, via the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), has revised the import policy for gold and silver, ensuring compliance with trade regulations and harmonizing customs tariffs with international standards.

Overview of DGFT

Evolution and Role Post-1991

• Post-Liberalization (1991):
  India transitioned from a license-based trade regime to a liberalized and market-driven system.
  CCI&E was restructured as DGFT to serve as a facilitator of trade, rather than just a controller.

Core Functions of DGFT

Recent Update: Gold & Silver Import Policy

• DGFT has revised import rules for gold and silver items, ensuring that customs tariffs are aligned with WTO trade norms and international pricing standards.
• Aims to:
  • Curb mis-invoicing and undervaluation
  • Improve regulatory compliance
  • Enhance transparency in precious metal imports

Significance of DGFT in India’s Trade Ecosystem

DGFT and International Trade Law

• DGFT ensures India’s compliance with World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments.
• Balances domestic industry protection with international obligations through calibrated policies.

Simplified Analogy

Think of the DGFT as India’s Trade Traffic Controller—it doesn’t drive the trucks (businesses) or own the highways (markets), but it manages signals, rules, and safety to ensure smooth and legal movement of trade goods, especially at national borders.

SUMMARY

The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) is India’s central body for implementing foreign trade policy, regulating imports/exports, and ensuring compliance with international norms.
Established post-1991 reforms to promote trade liberalization, DGFT facilitates documentation (e.g., IEC), export licensing, and transit control.
Its recent move to revise import policies for gold and silver highlights its role in safeguarding trade integrity and enhancing transparency in sensitive sectors.

Exam Connect – Possible Questions

Prelims

1. The Importer Exporter Code (IEC) issued by DGFT is mandatory for which of the following?
   A. Only export of defense equipment
   B. All foreign trade transactions in India
   C. Only public sector trade enterprises
   D. For SEZs only
   Answer: B. All foreign trade transactions in India
   
   
2. Which of the following is NOT a function of the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT)?
   A. Issuance of Export Promotion Capital Goods licenses
   B. Regulation of RBI monetary policy
   C. Notification of changes to India’s Foreign Trade Policy
   D. Grant of permissions to export items in Schedule 2
   Answer: B. Regulation of RBI monetary policy
   
   
3. Consider the following statements about DGFT:
   1. It was originally known as the Chief Controller of Imports and Exports.
   2. It operates under the Ministry of Finance.
   3. It issues and regulates the IEC code.
      Which of the above statements are correct?
      A. 1 and 2 only
      B. 2 and 3 only
      C. 1 and 3 only
      D. All of the above
      Answer: C 1 and 3 only

Mains

1. Discuss the role of the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) in India’s trade governance. How does it contribute to balancing trade liberalization with national interest? (250 words)

2. “Trade facilitation is as much about regulation as it is about liberalization.” In the context of India’s import policy changes for gold and silver, critically examine this statement. (250 words)

7. Operation Olivia: Conservation of Olive Ridley Turtles – Environment

Why in News?

As of February 2025, the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) successfully protected a record 6.98 lakh Olive Ridley turtles during their mass nesting period at the Rushikulya river mouth, Odisha. This effort was part of Operation Olivia.

What is Operation Olivia?

Geographical Significance: Nesting Sites in India

About Olive Ridley Turtles

Conservation Efforts under Operation Olivia

Legal Protection Status

Why Odisha’s Coastline is Crucial?

• Ecological Richness: Estuaries, deltas, and sandy beaches ideal for turtle nesting.
• Warm Sea Currents & Low Disturbance Zones: Facilitate mass nesting.
• Largest Arribada Sites in the Indian Ocean Region

Conservation Challenges

Simplified Analogy

Imagine Olive Ridley turtles as annual tourists that visit the same beach after traveling across oceans. Operation Olivia is like a special security force making sure these tourists can safely arrive, nest, and return — free from accidents, threats, and pollution.

SUMMARY

Operation Olivia is an annual turtle conservation initiative launched by the Indian Coast Guard in the 1980s to protect Olive Ridley turtles during their mass nesting (Arribada) along Odisha’s coastline.
The initiative involves aerial and maritime surveillance, use of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs), and community engagement, ensuring the safety of lakhs of turtles.
Despite their vulnerable status, India’s coordinated conservation efforts have positioned its eastern coastline as a critical global nesting zone for the species.

Exam Connect – Possible Questions

Prelims

1. Operation Olivia is associated with the conservation of which species?
   A. Gangetic Dolphin
   B. Olive Ridley Turtle
   C. Great Indian Bustard
   D. Indian Pangolin
   Answer: B. Olive Ridley Turtle
   
   
2. Which of the following sites is NOT a known mass nesting site of Olive Ridley turtles in India?
   A. Gahirmatha Beach
   B. Rushikulya River mouth
   C. Devi River mouth
   D. Gulf of Kachchh
   Answer: D. Gulf of Kachchh
   
   
3. Which of the following statements is/are correct about Olive Ridley turtles?
   1. They are listed as Vulnerable under the IUCN Red List.
   2. They practice solitary nesting behaviour.
   3. They are protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
      Choose the correct option:
      A. 1 only
      B. 1 and 3 only
      C. 2 and 3 only
      D. All of the above
      Answer: B. 1 and 3 only
      

Mains

1. Discuss the significance of Operation Olivia in the conservation of Olive Ridley turtles. Highlight the role of community participation and legal frameworks in ensuring its success. (250 words)

2. The mass nesting of Olive Ridley turtles is both an ecological marvel and a conservation challenge. Explain the factors responsible for successful Arribada and the threats that endanger it. (250 words)