18th February 2025-Current Affairs

1. President’s Rule in India (Article 356 & 365) – Polity

Why in News?

• President’s Rule was imposed in Manipur on February 13, 2025, following the resignation of CM N. Biren Singh amid ongoing ethnic violence and BJP’s failure to select a new Chief Minister.
• This highlights the use of Article 356, a constitutional provision that allows direct central rule when a state government fails to function effectively.

What is President’s Rule?

President’s Rule refers to the suspension of a state government and the direct governance of a state by the central government when the constitutional machinery in the state collapses.

Constitutional Provisions for President’s Rule

1. Article 356
   • Allows the President of India to impose President’s Rule in a state if:
     • The Governor reports that the government is unable to function as per the Constitution.
     • The President is satisfied that there is a breakdown of constitutional machinery in the state.
   • The approval of Parliament (both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) is required within two months.
   • The rule can last six months and be extended up to three years with parliamentary approval.
2. Article 365
   • If a state fails to comply with directions from the Union Government, the President can consider this a situation requiring the imposition of President’s Rule.

Historical Instances of President’s Rule in India

Judicial Review & Limitations

• S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994) – A landmark case where the Supreme Court ruled that President’s Rule is subject to judicial review.
• Courts can strike down unconstitutional impositions of President’s Rule.
• Legislative Suspension vs. Dissolution: The state assembly can be kept in suspended animation rather than dissolving it immediately, allowing for revival if stability returns.

Significance & Issues with President’s Rule

Why is it Important?

• Ensures governance continuity when a state government fails to function.
• Helps in handling law and order crises (e.g., riots, insurgency).
• Maintains constitutional order and prevents anarchy.

Challenges & Misuse

• Often used for political motives rather than genuine governance failure.
• Weakens federalism by centralizing power.
• Increased judicial scrutiny has made it difficult to misuse.

Conclusion

• President’s Rule is an emergency provision that should be used as a last resort.
• The role of the Governor, Parliament, and Judiciary is crucial in ensuring it is not misused for political gains.
• With judicial oversight (post-S.R. Bommai case), the frequency of President’s Rule imposition has reduced, making Indian federalism stronger and more accountable.

2. Munich Security Conference (MSC) 2025 – Overview – International Relations

Why in News?

• The Munich Security Conference (MSC) 2025 highlighted rising tensions between the U.S. and European leaders, particularly after controversial remarks by U.S. Vice President J.D. Vance on Europe’s approach to hate speech and far-right movements.
• Concerns over the reliability of U.S. military support for Europe under NATO have intensified.
• The U.S. has initiated talks with Russia regarding the Ukraine conflict—without Ukraine’s participation—raising concerns among European allies.
• Economic tensions have escalated due to U.S. tariffs on European steel and aluminum.

What is the Munich Security Conference (MSC)?

• Established in 1963, originally as a platform for Cold War military discussions.
• Over time, it has expanded to cover broader security issues like terrorism, cyber threats, climate security, and migration.
• Attended by global leaders, policymakers, military officials, and business leaders.
• A key venue for shaping international security policies and alliances.

Key Issues Discussed in MSC 2025

1. U.S.-Europe Tensions Over Security & NATO

• Growing doubts over U.S. commitment to NATO—European countries fear the U.S. may reduce its defense commitments.
• European leaders are planning to increase defense spending to 3% of GDP (up from the NATO-mandated 2%).
• Calls for greater European defense autonomy through initiatives like PESCO (Permanent Structured Cooperation) and the EU Rapid Deployment Capacity.

2. U.S.-Russia Talks on Ukraine Conflict

• The U.S. has initiated negotiations with Russia without Ukraine’s involvement, leading to concerns over Ukraine’s sovereignty.
• European nations fear a possible compromise that may weaken Ukraine’s position.
• NATO and EU leaders reaffirmed support for Ukraine, urging continued military aid.

3. Economic Tensions Between the U.S. and Europe

• The U.S. imposed a 25% tariff on European steel and aluminum imports, worsening trade relations.
• EU leaders criticized U.S. protectionist policies, warning of countermeasures.
• Discussions focused on reducing economic dependence on the U.S. by strengthening EU trade ties with India and China.

4. Rise of Far-Right Politics in Europe

• The rise of far-right political movements in several European countries was debated.
• U.S. Vice President J.D. Vance’s remarks on free speech and extremism sparked controversy.
• European leaders stressed the need for stronger democratic safeguards against radical ideologies.

Implications for Global Politics

For Europe:

• Increased defense spending to counter growing threats.
• Shift towards strategic autonomy from the U.S. in military and economic policies.
• Strengthening alliances within the EU and other global partners (India, Japan, etc.).

For the U.S.:

• Balancing relations with Europe and Russia while maintaining NATO commitments.
• Managing domestic political divisions on foreign policy.
• Addressing trade disputes to prevent further economic rifts with the EU.

For India:

• Opportunity to enhance defense and trade ties with Europe.
• Affects India’s stance on global security and multilateral diplomacy.
• India’s role as a neutral player in geopolitical negotiations strengthens.

Conclusion

The Munich Security Conference 2025 underscores shifting global security dynamics, particularly in U.S.-Europe relations, NATO’s future, and global trade conflicts. The conference highlighted European concerns about U.S. reliability, the Ukraine conflict, and the rise of far-right politics. Moving forward, Europe is likely to adopt a more independent security strategy, while economic tensions with the U.S. may lead to realignments in global trade alliances.

3. Russia’s mRNA Cancer Vaccine – Overview & Key Insights – Science and Technology

Why in News?

• In December 2024, Russia announced the development of a new mRNA-based personalized cancer vaccine.
• The vaccine is set to be available for free to patients by early 2025.
• It is based on the same mRNA technology used in COVID-19 vaccines but designed to treat, rather than prevent, cancer.

What is mRNA (Messenger RNA)?

• mRNA (Messenger RNA) is a molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes, directing them to produce specific proteins.
• Unlike DNA, mRNA does not stay in the cell permanently—it degrades after delivering instructions.

How Do mRNA Cancer Vaccines Work?

🔹 Mechanism:

• The vaccine delivers genetic instructions (mRNA) into the body.
• These instructions train the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
• It specifically targets tumor antigens, ensuring a personalized approach to treatment.

🔹 Therapeutic, Not Preventive:

• Unlike traditional vaccines (which prevent diseases), this vaccine is therapeutic, meaning it is designed for patients already diagnosed with cancer.
• It is a form of immunotherapy, helping the immune system to detect and destroy cancer cells.

🔹 Benefits Over Traditional Treatments (e.g., Chemotherapy):

• Personalized – Customized for each patient’s cancer type.
• Selective Targeting – Attacks only cancer cells, reducing damage to healthy cells.
• Fewer Side Effects – Compared to chemotherapy, which kills both cancerous and healthy cells.
• Boosts Long-Term Immunity – Trains the immune system for long-term protection against cancer recurrence.

Significance of Russia’s mRNA Cancer Vaccine

1. Medical Advancements & Global Impact

• A major breakthrough in personalized cancer treatment.
• If successful, could be adopted worldwide as an effective alternative to chemotherapy and radiation.

2. Role in Cancer Treatment in India

• India has high cancer incidence rates, particularly lung, breast, and cervical cancer.
• Potential collaboration between India and Russia for clinical trials & production.
• Could be a cost-effective treatment if made widely available.

3. Future of mRNA Technology

• Expanding from COVID-19 vaccines to cancer immunotherapy.
• Possible applications in treating other chronic diseases like HIV and autoimmune disorders.

Conclusion

The mRNA cancer vaccine from Russia represents a significant leap in cancer treatment, leveraging advanced immunotherapy to offer personalized, targeted, and less toxic alternatives to traditional cancer therapies. If successful, it could revolutionize global cancer treatment, making therapies more accessible and effective.

4. Measles: A Resurgence of a Contagious Virus – Science and Technology

Why in News?

• Measles cases are rising in the United States, particularly in Texas, due to declining vaccination rates and increased international travel.
• The outbreak underscores the importance of vaccination and public health awareness.

What is Measles?

• Measles is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the Measles virus from the Paramyxovirus family.
• It primarily affects the respiratory tract and spreads through:
  • Direct contact with infected individuals.
  • Airborne respiratory droplets (coughing & sneezing).
  • Contaminated surfaces (virus can survive for several hours).

Symptoms of Measles

Initial Symptoms (10–14 days after exposure):

• High fever (lasts 4–7 days)
• Runny nose, cough, and red, watery eyes
• Koplik spots – Small white spots inside the cheeks
• Rash – Starts on the face and neck, then spreads to the hands and feet (lasts 5–6 days)

Severe Complications

• Pneumonia – Leading cause of measles-related deaths
• Encephalitis (brain inflammation) – Can cause seizures & long-term disability
• Blindness & hearing loss in extreme cases
• Pregnancy risks – Infected pregnant women may face miscarriage, preterm birth, or low birth weight

Who is at Risk?

• Unvaccinated children – The most vulnerable group
• Pregnant women – Higher risk of complications
• Immunocompromised individuals – Cancer patients, organ transplant recipients
• People in densely populated areas – Higher chance of rapid spread

Prevention: The Role of Vaccination

• The Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine is the most effective way to prevent measles.
• Two doses of the MMR vaccine provide ~97% protection against measles.
• Herd Immunity – At least 95% vaccination coverage is needed to prevent outbreaks.

Why Are Cases Increasing?

• Declining vaccination rates due to misinformation
• Vaccine hesitancy fueled by false claims linking vaccines to autism
• Global travel & migration – Unvaccinated individuals carry the virus across borders

Treatment & Management

• No specific antiviral treatment exists for measles.
  • Supportive care includes:
  • Fever management with paracetamol
  • Hydration & rest
  • Vitamin A supplements to reduce complications

Relevance to India & Public Health Concerns

• India has the highest number of measles cases in the world due to gaps in vaccination.
• Government initiatives like Mission Indradhanush aim to increase immunization coverage.
• WHO has set a global measles elimination target, but vaccine hesitancy remains a challenge.

Conclusion

Measles is a preventable yet resurging disease due to falling vaccination rates and global travel. Strengthening public awareness, immunization programs, and healthcare policies is essential to prevent further outbreaks and protect public health.

5. Transforming India’s Fruits & Vegetables (F&V) Sector – Lessons from Dairy Success – Economy

Why in News?

• The fruits and vegetables (F&V) sector in India is growing rapidly, contributing nearly 30% to crop agriculture.
• Despite its growth, the sector faces significant challenges, including poor infrastructure, post-harvest losses, and price volatility.
• The milk sector’s success under Verghese Kurien serves as a model for transforming the F&V sector.
• Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) can help address challenges by integrating farmers into structured value chains.
• Post-harvest losses in the F&V sector amount to ₹1.53 trillion annually, highlighting the urgent need for reforms.

Challenges in the F&V Sector

🔹 Limited Policy Support: Unlike cereals, F&V crops receive less government attention, making farmers vulnerable.
🔹 Lack of Organized Value Chains & Storage: Inadequate cold storage & supply chains lead to wastage.
🔹 Seasonal Price Fluctuations & Market Gluts: Farmers face huge price drops when supply exceeds demand.
🔹 Low Farmer Earnings: Farmers receive only ~30% of the consumer price, with middlemen taking large margins.

Lessons from India’s Dairy Sector Success

1. The “White Revolution” & Amul Model

• Led by Verghese Kurien, India became the world’s largest milk producer, transforming from a milk-deficient country.
• Key Success Factors:
  • Formation of cooperatives (e.g., Amul), ensuring fair prices for farmers.
  • Cold chain infrastructure was developed to minimize losses.
  • Government support & subsidies helped in marketing & production.

2. Applying the Dairy Model to F&V Sector

• Need for Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs): To reduce farmer dependency on middlemen.
• Investment in Cold Storage & Processing Units: Essential to reduce post-harvest losses.
• Better Market Linkages & Export Opportunities: Directly connect farmers to domestic & international markets.

Role of Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs)

🔹 What are FPOs?

• Groups of farmers who collectively buy inputs, process, and sell their produce.
• Aim to stabilize prices, reduce losses, and improve earnings.

🔹 Successful Case Study – Sahyadri Farmer Producer Company Ltd (SFPCL)

• Established in 2004 with just 10 farmers—now grown to 26,500 members.
• Key Achievements:
  • Improved revenue & profit-sharing for farmers.
  • Created employment opportunities in processing & logistics.
  • Developed a direct-to-market supply chain, reducing wastage.

Government Initiatives for F&V Sector

• 8,875 FPOs registered under the central scheme to promote collective farming.
• Operation Greens: A government scheme to reduce price volatility for perishables.
• PM Kisan Sampada Yojana: Supports food processing industries to minimize wastage.

🔹 What More Needs to Be Done?

• Better storage & processing infrastructure to cut down wastage.
• Direct farmer-market linkages to reduce middlemen exploitation.
• Stronger FPO models with better financial & technical support.

Conclusion

By replicating the dairy sector’s success in the F&V sector, India can:

• Increase farmer incomes
• Reduce post-harvest losses
• Stabilize market prices
• Enhance India’s global standing in horticulture

With visionary leadership, policy support, and better infrastructure, India has the potential to become a global leader in the F&V sector.