1. Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) – Environment
Why in News?
The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) has implemented Stage I of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) in the Delhi-NCR region after the Air Quality Index (AQI) slipped into the ‘Poor’ category (AQI 211). This deterioration follows over three months of marginally better conditions.
Key Takeaways
AQI (Air Quality Index) is a standardized tool used to communicate air pollution levels and associated health risks.
Stage I of GRAP is triggered when AQI enters the “Poor” category (201–300) and involves targeted actions to reduce particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations.
GRAP ensures a coordinated and legally binding response across all states in the National Capital Region (NCR).
Actions under GRAP are graded by severity of pollution, escalating from Stage I to Stage IV.
What is the Air Quality Index (AQI)?
The AQI is a composite index developed to measure and report daily air quality. It converts complex air pollution data of various pollutants into a single number (index) and category that is easy to understand.
Pollutants Monitored:
PM2.5, PM10
SO₂ (Sulphur Dioxide)
NO₂ (Nitrogen Dioxide)
CO (Carbon Monoxide)
O₃ (Ozone)
NH₃ (Ammonia)
Pb (Lead)
AQI Categories:
| AQI Range | Category | Health Impact |
|---|---|---|
| 0–50 | Good | Minimal impact |
| 51–100 | Satisfactory | Minor breathing discomfort |
| 101–200 | Moderate | Discomfort to sensitive people |
| 201–300 | Poor | Breathing discomfort to most |
| 301–400 | Very Poor | Respiratory illness likely |
| 401–450 | Severe | Affects healthy individuals |
| >450 | Severe+ | Emergency conditions |
Objective of GRAP
The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) is a set of escalating emergency measures designed to reduce air pollution levels across the NCR. It focuses on:
Reducing emissions from vehicles, construction, industries, and dust.
Providing anticipatory responses before pollution reaches hazardous levels.
Synchronizing inter-state action within the NCR for uniform implementation.
Legal Backing
GRAP is enforced under Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Directions issued under this law are legally binding on states and agencies within the NCR.
Monitored and implemented by the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM).
Stages of GRAP (Based on AQI Levels)
Stage I – AQI 201–300 (Poor)
Mechanical road sweeping
Water sprinkling on roads
Dust control at construction sites
Removal of solid waste and garbage burning
Stage II – AQI 301–400 (Very Poor)
Hotspot regulation
Ban on diesel generator sets
Increased public transport
Restrictions on coal/wood-burning tandoors
Stage III – AQI 401–450 (Severe)
Ban on BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel vehicles
Complete halt of construction and demolition
Consideration of school closures
Closure of stone crushers and mining activities
Stage IV – AQI >450 (Severe+)
Total ban on construction activities
Ban on entry of trucks (non-essential)
Work-from-home advisories
Closure of polluting industries
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims
1. With reference to the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), consider the following statements:
1.RAP is legally enforceable under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
2.Stage IV of GRAP is implemented when AQI crosses 300.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer:A. 1 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect — Stage IV is triggered when AQI exceeds 450, not 300.
2. Which of the following pollutants are included in India’s National Air Quality Index (AQI)?
1.PM2.5
2.Ozone (O₃)
3.Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂)
4.Methane (CH₄)
A. 1, 2, and 3 only
B. 1 and 4 only
C. 2, 3, and 4 only
D. All four
Answer:A. 1, 2, and 3 only
Explanation: AQI includes PM2.5, O₃, and SO₂ but not Methane (CH₄).
Mains
1.Discuss the significance of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) in addressing the recurring air pollution crisis in the Delhi-NCR region. Highlight the challenges in its effective implementation. (10 marks)
2.Air pollution in urban India is a complex interplay of environmental, economic, and administrative factors. Critically analyze how policy instruments like AQI and GRAP contribute to sustainable urban air management.
(15 marks)
2. Wild Elephant Population Declines by 18% – First DNA-Based Census – Environment
Why in News?
India has completed its first-ever DNA-based elephant census, estimating the wild elephant population at 22,446 — indicating a decline of 18% compared to the last population count in 2017.
This marks a significant shift toward scientific wildlife monitoring and raises concerns about the conservation status of Asian elephants in India.
Key Takeaways
India’s wild elephant population has dropped by nearly one-fifth in just 7 years.
The census used genetic material (DNA from dung samples) to estimate population size with greater accuracy.
The findings emphasize the urgent need to address habitat degradation, human-elephant conflict, and other threats.
This method improves monitoring, planning, and targeted conservation strategies.
Elephants in India – Ecological and Cultural Significance
Ecological Role:
Elephants are keystone species – their presence helps maintain forest ecosystems.
They assist in seed dispersal, forest regeneration, and maintain ecological corridors.
Cultural Symbol:
Revered in Indian mythology, religion (e.g., Lord Ganesha), and traditions.
Featured in festivals and rituals; symbolize strength and wisdom.
Distribution of Asian Elephants in India
Asian elephants are distributed across four major landscapes:
| Region | Key States |
|---|---|
| 1. Western Ghats | Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu |
| 2. North Eastern Hills & Brahmaputra Floodplains | Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya |
| 3. Shivalik Hills & Gangetic Plains | Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh |
| 4. Central India & Eastern Ghats | Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand |
Over 80% of India’s wild elephants are found in Karnataka, Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, and Odisha.
Threats to Elephant Populations
Habitat Fragmentation & Degradation
Expanding infrastructure and agriculture divide elephant habitats.
Human-Elephant Conflict
Crop raiding and accidental deaths due to retaliatory actions.
Poaching & Illegal Trade
Though tuskless, female elephants are affected by habitat stress and violence.
Disruption of Elephant Corridors
Migration paths are blocked by rail lines, highways, and fences.
Invasive Species & Land-use Change
Loss of native vegetation reduces food availability.
Conservation Status
| Classification | Details |
|---|---|
| IUCN Red List | Endangered |
| Indian Wildlife Protection | Schedule I of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 – highest legal protection |
| CITES Status | Appendix I – International trade prohibited |
Conservation Initiatives in India
Project Elephant (1992)
Central government initiative to protect elephants, their habitats, and corridors.
Focuses on mitigating human-elephant conflict and supporting ecological research.
Elephant Corridors Programme
Run by Wildlife Trust of India (WTI).
Identifies and secures migration corridors to ensure safe elephant movement.
Gaj Yatra Campaign
A public awareness movement to promote coexistence between humans and elephants.
Encourages local participation in corridor protection and community-based conservation.
Significance of the DNA-Based Census (2025)
More Accurate Population Estimates
Traditional methods (like dung count or direct sightings) had limitations.
DNA profiling reduces overcounting or undercounting.
Better Policy Planning
Region-specific data aids targeted conservation efforts.
Enhanced Monitoring
DNA allows for individual identification, helping monitor movement, mortality, and reproduction.
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims
1. With reference to Asian elephants in India, consider the following statements:
1.Asian elephants are classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
2.They are given Schedule I protection under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
3.Karnataka has the highest population of wild elephants in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer:B. 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect — Asian elephants are classified as Endangered, not Vulnerable.
2. What is the primary advantage of using a DNA-based method in wildlife population estimation?
A. It reduces the cost of large-scale wildlife surveys
B. It improves the visibility of animals during the census
C. It provides individual-level identification for more accurate estimates
D. It is faster than traditional headcounts
Answer:C. It provides individual-level identification for more accurate estimates
Explanation: DNA-based techniques allow individual-level identification, preventing duplication and improving accuracy.
Mains
1.Highlight the ecological importance of elephants in India and discuss the challenges in their conservation. In this context, evaluate the potential of DNA-based census methods in improving conservation outcomes. (10 marks)
2.”Habitat fragmentation and human-wildlife conflict are the two major threats to the survival of large mammals in India.” Critically examine this statement with reference to the recent decline in the elephant population as revealed by the DNA-based census. (15 marks)
3. Crew Escape System (CES) in the Gaganyaan Mission – Science and Technology
Why in News?
The Crew Escape System (CES) has been highlighted as a critical safety innovation in ISRO’s upcoming Gaganyaan Mission, India’s first manned spaceflight program. An article published in The Hindu emphasized CES’s role in ensuring astronaut safety during launch and ascent phases.
Key Takeaways
Gaganyaan Mission: India’s first human spaceflight mission, initiated in 2007.
Mission objective: Send 3 astronauts to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (~400 km altitude) for 3 days, followed by a splashdown in the Arabian Sea.
Launch Vehicle: The mission will use a Human-Rated LVM3 (HLVM3), a human-certified version of GSLV Mk3.
Timeline:
Uncrewed flights in late 2025.
First crewed mission expected by 2027.
India aims to become the 4th country with independent human spaceflight capability, after the USA, Russia, and China.
What is the Crew Escape System (CES)?
Definition
The CES is a safety mechanism designed to rescue astronauts if a serious malfunction occurs during launch or ascent. It separates the crew module from the launch vehicle and propels it to a safe distance, ensuring the survival of onboard astronauts.
Components & Working of CES
Placement
CES is mounted on top of the launch vehicle, above the crew module.
Working Principle
Detection: The Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) system continuously monitors launch systems in real time.
Activation: If an anomaly is detected, CES is automatically activated within milliseconds.
Separation: Solid rocket motors pull the crew module away from the launcher at high speed.
Descent & Recovery:
After clearing the danger zone, the escape tower detaches.
Multistage parachutes deploy for safe deceleration.
The module performs a splashdown in the Arabian Sea, enabling safe astronaut recovery.
Technical Features of CES
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Thrust | High-thrust solid motors with up to 10g acceleration |
| Propellant | High burn-rate solid propellant for instant response |
| Redundancy | Multiple backups ensure fail-safe operation |
| Response Time | Milliseconds via IVHM’s real-time data |
| Safety Limit | Impact forces during splashdown are kept within safe physiological limits |
Types of Crew Escape Systems
| Type | Description | Used By |
|---|---|---|
| Puller-Type | Motors pull the crew module away from the rocket using solid fuel | Russia’s Soyuz, China’s Long March, ISRO’s Gaganyaan |
| Pusher-Type | Thrusters push the capsule away from the rocket using liquid fuel | SpaceX Crew Dragon, Blue Origin’s New Shepard |
Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM)
A real-time diagnostic system embedded in the launch vehicle.
Monitors the entire system’s health during launch and ascent.
Can autonomously trigger CES based on failure signals.
Descent & Recovery Process
After safe separation, the escape tower detaches.
The module deploys a series of parachutes to decelerate.
The module splashes down in the Arabian Sea at a speed safe enough to ensure astronaut health.
Recovery teams retrieve the module and crew quickly.
Significance of CES for Gaganyaan
Ensures Astronaut Survival during launch malfunctions.
Boosts mission reliability and global confidence in ISRO’s human spaceflight program.
Establishes ISRO’s capability to meet international human-rating safety standards.
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims
1. With reference to the Crew Escape System (CES) in ISRO’s Gaganyaan mission, consider the following statements:
1.CES is mounted below the rocket and pushes the crew module away during a failure.
2.It uses high-thrust solid motors to separate the module from the launch vehicle.
3.The Gaganyaan mission uses a Pusher-type escape system.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 1 and 2 only
D. 2 and 3 only
Answer:A. 2 only
Explanation: Statement 1 and 3 are incorrect — Gaganyaan uses a Puller-type system mounted on top of the rocket. Only Statement 2 is correct.
2. Which of the following features is not associated with ISRO’s Crew Escape System (CES)?
A. High burn-rate solid propellants
B. Acceleration up to 10 g
C. Powered descent using liquid thrusters
D. Multistage parachute recovery system
Answer:C. Powered descent using liquid thrusters
Explanation: CES uses solid propellants for initial escape and parachutes for descent, not liquid thrusters.
Mains
1.Discuss the significance of the Crew Escape System (CES) in ensuring the safety and success of India’s Gaganyaan mission. How does it compare with global human spaceflight safety systems? (10 marks)
2.India’s foray into human spaceflight with Gaganyaan represents both a technological leap and a strategic milestone. Examine the role of safety systems like CES and IVHM in building a reliable indigenous space program. (15 marks)
4. Powering Up the Australia–India Clean Energy Partnership – Environment
Why in News?
The India–Australia Clean Energy Partnership has gained strategic importance, highlighted during the visit of Australia’s Minister for Climate Change and Energy, Chris Bowen, to India in October 2025. The partnership focuses on boosting renewable energy collaboration and reducing reliance on fossil fuels and vulnerable global supply chains.
Key Takeaways
India’s Goal: Achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel electricity capacity by 2030.
Australia’s Target: Reduce emissions by 62–70% (compared to 2005 levels) by 2035.
The Indo-Pacific region faces frequent and severe climate-related disasters.
Both countries are working to reduce overdependence on China for critical clean energy supply chains.
Context: Climate Vulnerability in the Indo-Pacific
Between 1970 and 2022, the Indo-Pacific region averaged 10 climate-related disasters per month.
By 2050, up to 89 million people could be displaced due to rising sea levels, floods, droughts, and other climate impacts.
Countries in the region are under pressure to accelerate climate adaptation and mitigation strategies.
The India–Australia Renewable Energy Partnership (REP)
Focus Areas (8 Pillars):
Solar Photovoltaics (PV)
Green Hydrogen
Battery Storage & Grid Management
Critical Minerals Cooperation
Clean Energy Financing
R&D and Innovation
Workforce Development & Training
Policy & Regulatory Framework Alignment
These pillars aim to move from strategic dialogue to joint implementation of clean energy solutions.
Complementary Strengths
| India | Australia |
|---|---|
| Large skilled workforce | Rich in critical minerals (lithium, cobalt, rare earths) |
| Huge domestic market for clean energy | Strong R&D and clean energy innovation |
| Manufacturing capacity for solar and battery tech | High-quality energy infrastructure and export potential |
This complementarity makes their partnership mutually beneficial and globally significant.
Strategic and Regional Impact
Enhancing Energy Security:
Reduces geopolitical risks by diversifying supply chains away from China.
Builds regional resilience against energy disruptions.
Promoting Sustainability:
Advances Net Zero goals.
Encourages low-carbon development pathways for developing countries in the Indo-Pacific.
Technology Transfer and Innovation:
Facilitates joint R&D in emerging clean energy technologies like green hydrogen and long-duration storage.
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims
1. With reference to the India–Australia Clean Energy Partnership, consider the following statements:
1.It includes cooperation on green hydrogen and critical minerals.
2.The partnership aims to replace fossil fuels with nuclear energy in the Indo-Pacific region.
3.It helps reduce both nations’ overreliance on China for clean energy supply chains.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
Answer:B. 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 2 is incorrect — the focus is on renewables, not nuclear energy.
2. Consider the following features:
1.Joint development of solar photovoltaics
2.Cooperation in green hydrogen technologies
3.Integrated approach to battery energy storage
These are key focus areas under which of the following bilateral partnerships?
A. India–US Clean Energy Agreement
B. India–EU Green Deal
C. India–Australia Renewable Energy Partnership
D. India–UK Energy Transition Collaboration
Answer:C. India–Australia Renewable Energy Partnership
Mains
1.Discuss the strategic significance of the India–Australia Clean Energy Partnership in the context of climate change, regional energy security, and supply chain diversification.
(10 marks)
2.In light of the Indo-Pacific’s increasing vulnerability to climate disasters, evaluate how bilateral clean energy collaborations can promote resilience and sustainable development. Use the India–Australia Renewable Energy Partnership as a case study.
(15 marks)
5. What are Climate Tipping Points? – Environment
Why in News?
The Global Tipping Points Report 2025, authored by 160 scientists from 23 countries, warns that warm-water coral reefs have already crossed their thermal tipping point, resulting in irreversible dieback. This marks a major alert for planetary health and long-term climate stability.
Key Takeaways
Climate Tipping Points (CTPs) are critical thresholds in Earth’s systems beyond which self-reinforcing, often irreversible changes occur.
Once crossed, these systems can trigger feedback loops, accelerating climate change (e.g., melting permafrost releasing methane).
Reversal may be impossible, even if emissions are later reduced.
These thresholds define planetary stability, climate predictability, and biosphere resilience.
Many systems are interconnected—tipping one may trigger others, forming a cascade effect.
Conceptual Understanding
What is a Climate Tipping Point (CTP)?
As defined by the IPCC, a CTP is a critical threshold at which a small change in climate (temperature or forcing) leads to a large, potentially irreversible shift in a climate subsystem.
Related Concepts
| Concept | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Feedback Loop | A self-reinforcing process where changes in a system amplify the initial disturbance (e.g., ice melt → lower albedo → more warming). |
| Hysteresis | A system’s inability to return to its original state even if initial conditions are restored. Recovery often needs much more favorable conditions. |
| Cascade Effect | When one tipping point triggers others, creating a domino-like effect across interconnected Earth systems. |
| Thermal Tipping Point (Coral Reefs) | Beyond ~1.2°C above pre-industrial, coral reefs can no longer survive or recover, leading to mass bleaching and biodiversity collapse. |
Key Climate Tipping Points Identified
| System | Tipping Threat | Potential Impacts |
|---|---|---|
| Greenland & West Antarctic Ice Sheets | Melting & collapse | Irreversible sea level rise (multi-metre) |
| Warm-water Coral Reefs | Thermal dieback at 1.2°C | Collapse of marine ecosystems |
| Amazon Rainforest | Shift to savannah | Reduced carbon storage, rainfall disruption |
| AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) | Shutdown below 2°C | Severe winters in Europe, monsoon failure |
| Permafrost Thaw | Release of CO₂ & CH₄ | Stronger global warming |
| Boreal Forest Dieback | Warming & drought stress | Carbon loss and biodiversity decline |
| Mountain Glaciers | Rapid melting | Freshwater shortages across Asia, South America |
| Subpolar Gyre (SPG) | Collapse in Atlantic current | Disrupted marine life & global heat flow |
Highlights from the Global Tipping Points Report 2025
| Topic | Details |
|---|---|
| Coral Bleaching | Since Jan 2023, 84.4% of coral reefs in 82 countries affected—the worst global bleaching event on record. |
| AMOC Risk | Collapse possible below 2°C, may disrupt food & water systems globally. |
| Amazon Dieback | Could affect over 100 million people and carbon balance of South America. |
| Temperature Breach | 1.2°C warming already crossed; 1.5°C likely to trigger multiple tipping points. |
| Policy Gaps | Current Paris targets and net-zero pledges are inadequate to prevent tipping risks. |
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims
1. Consider the following statements regarding Climate Tipping Points:
1.Once a climate tipping point is crossed, the system can return to its original state if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced.
2.Feedback loops and hysteresis are characteristics of tipping point behavior.
3. Coral reefs are among the systems identified to have already crossed their tipping threshold.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer:B. 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect — many systems cannot revert even if emissions drop (due to hysteresis). Statements 2 and 3 are correct.
2. Which of the following can be considered potential climate tipping points?
1.Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)
2.Greenland Ice Sheet
3.Himalayan Glacial Rivers
4.Amazon Rainforest
A. 1, 2 and 4 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. All of the above
Answer:A. 1, 2 and 4 only
Explanation: Himalayan rivers are affected by glacier melt but are not yet classified as independent tipping elements.
Mains
1.What are climate tipping points? Discuss their significance for climate policy and global environmental governance. Use examples from recent scientific reports to support your answer. (10 marks)
2.”Crossing one climate tipping point may trigger cascading effects across the Earth system.” Examine this statement in the context of the Global Tipping Points Report 2025. What strategies can nations adopt to prevent crossing these thresholds? (15 marks)
6. Legal Information Management and Briefing System (LIMBS) – Polity
Why in News?
The Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Law and Justice, has launched a “Live Cases” Dashboard as part of the Legal Information Management and Briefing System (LIMBS) at Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi in 2025. This is a major push to improve litigation management and enhance transparency in government legal affairs.
Key Takeaways
LIMBS is a centralized, web-based litigation management portal developed to streamline and monitor legal cases involving the Union of India.
Aims to reduce the government’s litigation burden, which constitutes a significant portion of total court cases in India.
Supports real-time tracking and trend analysis across ministries and departments.
As of 2025, over 7.23 lakh live cases are being monitored through LIMBS.
Why LIMBS Matters
| Problem | LIMBS Solution |
|---|---|
| Fragmented legal recordkeeping | Centralized database |
| Delays in case updates | Real-time tracking via dashboard |
| Poor coordination among ministries | Integration of nodal officers, legal cells, and advocates |
| Paper-based workflows | Digital document and fee management |
| Lack of trend insights | Data-driven dashboard with analytics |
Development and Integration
Initiative under: Digital India Mission.
Linked with:
National judicial databases like e-Courts and NIC systems.
Government departments and ministries through nodal officers.
Key Features of LIMBS
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Live Cases Dashboard | Real-time display of pending, disposed, and contempt cases by ministry |
| User Hierarchy | Access levels for Nodal Officers, Admins, Advocates – ensures accountability |
| Integration | Automated updates via linkages with judicial data systems |
| Document Uploads | Digital filing of notices, pleadings, and affidavits |
| Fee Management | Tracks legal expenditure and payment processing |
| Cybersecurity | Adheres to national standards for 24/7 secure access |
| Analytics | Trend analysis for policy decisions and case management |
Objectives of LIMBS
Reduce Government Litigation: By improving coordination and timely action.
Enhance Transparency: Through open dashboards and digitized workflows.
Increase Efficiency: Faster decision-making, less paperwork, and better documentation.
Promote Accountability: Defined user roles and digital logs.
Modernize Legal Governance: In line with India’s broader e-governance agenda.
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims
1. Consider the following statements regarding the Legal Information Management and Briefing System (LIMBS):
1.It is developed by the Ministry of Electronics and IT to track commercial litigation.
2.LIMBS enables real-time monitoring of court cases involving the Union of India.
3.It is integrated with national judicial databases for automatic status updates.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer:B. 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect – LIMBS is under the Ministry of Law and Justice, not MeitY. Statements 2 and 3 are correct.
2. Which of the following is not a feature of the LIMBS portal?
A. Tiered user access for nodal officers and advocates
B. Real-time dashboard of case status
C. Public interface for citizens to file PILs directly
D. Integration with national judicial databases
Answer:C. Public interface for citizens to file PILs directly
Explanation: LIMBS is designed for government legal management, not for direct public litigation filing.
Mains
1.Discuss the significance of digital platforms like LIMBS in promoting efficiency, transparency, and accountability in legal governance. How does it align with the objectives of the Digital India initiative? (10 marks)
2.Government litigation constitutes a major burden on India’s judicial system. Examine how platforms like LIMBS can help reduce pendency and improve legal coordination among ministries. Also, highlight the challenges in its effective implementation. (15 marks)