16th March 2025-Current Affairs

1. Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) – Governanc

Why in News?

• The Delhi government is set to sign an MoU with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) to implement PM-ABHIM.
• The scheme aims to enhance India’s healthcare infrastructure and prepare health systems for future emergencies.
• Total outlay: ₹64,180 Crores (2021-22 to 2025-26).

Significance of PM-ABHIM:

• Strengthens primary, secondary & tertiary healthcare systems.
• Expands health coverage in urban & rural areas.
• Prepares for future health crises like pandemics.

About PM-ABHIM

• Launched On: October 25, 2021
• Implemented By: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW)
• Funding Pattern: Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) & Central Sector Components

Objectives:

• Strengthen Public Health Infrastructure across India.
• Improve Disease Surveillance & Early Warning Systems.
• Expand Critical Care Hospital Network for handling emergencies.

Key Focus Areas:

• Primary Healthcare – Expanding Health & Wellness Centres (HWCs).
• Secondary & Tertiary Healthcare – Strengthening hospital infrastructure.
• Public Health Preparedness – Setting up disease surveillance labs & critical care blocks.
• Digital Health Ecosystem – Implementing AI-driven medical technologies.

Components of PM-ABHIM

1. Primary Healthcare Expansion
   • 17,788 sub-centres converted into Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs).
   • 11,024 Health & Wellness Centres (HWCs) in urban slum areas.
2. Strengthening Public Health Systems
   • 3,382 Block Public Health Units (BPHUs) at the block level.
   • 730 District Integrated Public Health Labs (IPHLs) for diagnostics.
3. Tertiary Healthcare Expansion
   • 602 Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs) in districts with a population >5 lakh.
   • 15 new Biosafety Level-III (BSL-III) laboratories for advanced disease research.
   • 4 new National Institutes for Virology (NIVs) across India.
4. Disease Surveillance & Digital Health Initiatives
   • Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP) for real-time disease tracking.
   • AI-powered analytics to predict outbreak trends.
5. Implementation Mechanism
   • States & UTs implement the scheme under National Health Mission (NHM).
   • MoHFW provides technical & financial support.
   • Periodic IEC (Information, Education & Communication) activities for awareness.

Relevance for Exam

1. Health & Governance (GS Paper-2 & 3)

• Strengthening healthcare infrastructure in India.
• Public health policies & pandemic preparedness.
• Government schemes in the health sector.

2. Disaster Management & Policy (GS Paper-3)

• Role of PM-ABHIM in handling future pandemics.
• Expansion of critical care facilities.

3. Himachal Pradesh (State-Specific Relevance)

• Impact on healthcare in rural & hilly areas.
• Integration of PM-ABHIM with HP’s health schemes.

Possible Exam Questions (Prelims & Mains)

Prelims (MCQ) Based Questions:

1. Which of the following is NOT a component of PM-ABHIM?
   a) Health & Wellness Centres (HWCs)
   b) Construction of new AIIMS hospitals ✅
   c) Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs)
   d) District Integrated Public Health Labs (IPHLs)
2. What is the main goal of PM-ABHIM?
   a) Strengthening public healthcare infrastructure in India ✅
   b) Providing free health insurance to the poor
   c) Reducing malnutrition
   d) Expanding private healthcare institutions
3. Which ministry is responsible for implementing PM-ABHIM?
   a) Ministry of Women & Child Development
   b) Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW) ✅
   c) Ministry of Social Justice
   d) NITI Aayog
4. Under PM-ABHIM, what is the role of District Integrated Public Health Labs (IPHLs)?
   a) Disease diagnostics & surveillance at the district level ✅
   b) Manufacturing of medical equipment
   c) Providing free medicines
   d) Conducting health awareness campaigns

Mains (Descriptive) Based Questions:

1. Discuss the significance of PM-ABHIM in strengthening India’s healthcare system. How does it contribute to pandemic preparedness?
2. Explain the role of Health & Wellness Centres under PM-ABHIM in improving primary healthcare in rural India.
3. Analyze the challenges in implementing PM-ABHIM in remote areas. Suggest measures to improve healthcare access.
4. How can PM-ABHIM help Himachal Pradesh improve its healthcare system, particularly in hilly and rural regions?

Final Takeaway

• PM-ABHIM is a ₹64,180 crore scheme (2021-2026) for strengthening India’s health infrastructure.
• Targets primary, secondary & tertiary healthcare with Health & Wellness Centres, public health labs & critical care blocks.
• Focuses on pandemic preparedness, disease surveillance & AI-based health solutions.
• States implement it under NHM, with funding & technical support from MoHFW.

2. Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR) ID – Polity

Why in News?

• The Ministry of Education has introduced the Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR) ID for students.
• While officially voluntary, concerns have emerged that opting out may become difficult in the future.
• The APAAR ID is part of the ‘One Nation, One Student ID’ initiative under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

Significance of APAAR ID:

• Digitizes academic records & stores achievements in a single database.
• Ensures seamless transition between school, higher education & employment.
• Concerns raised over privacy, data security & mandatory implementation.

About APAAR ID

• Implemented By: Ministry of Education, Government of India
• Objective: To provide every student with a lifelong, unique academic ID.
• Unique Feature: A 12-digit permanent academic identity number.

Key Features:

• Stores academic achievements, scholarships & awards.
• Acts as a ‘Lifelong Academic Passport’.
• Digitally accessible for students, schools & higher education institutions.
• Supports AI-based education tracking.

How APAAR Works:

• Schools – Upload student academic records & achievements.
• Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) – Access student records for admissions & scholarships.
• Students – Track their academic journey digitally.

Process of Enrolment:

• Schools register students under APAAR with parental consent.
• Parents can withdraw consent anytime.
• Data is stored securely on the ‘District Information for Education’ (DIE) portal.

Benefits of APAAR ID

1. Unified Academic Identity

• A single platform for all academic records.
• Reduces paperwork & manual record-keeping.

2. Academic Progress Tracking

• Students can monitor their learning journey.
• Helps in personalized learning & course planning.

3. Seamless Academic Mobility

• Eases transition from school to higher education & employment.
• Simplifies admissions & verification processes.

4. Digital Repository & Data Security

• Prevents loss of certificates & academic records.
• Encrypted storage ensures student privacy.

5. AI-Powered Learning Support

• Personalized study recommendations based on academic progress.

Concerns & Challenges

1. Privacy & Data Security Risks

• Potential misuse of student data.
• Fear of surveillance & tracking.

2. Voluntary vs. Mandatory Registration

• Officially optional, but opting out may become difficult.
• Schools might enforce APAAR ID for admissions & scholarships.

3. Digital Divide Issues

• Limited access to digital infrastructure in rural areas.
• Risk of exclusion for marginalized students.

4. Parental Consent & Awareness

• Lack of clarity on opt-out mechanisms.
• Need for more awareness about data sharing policies.

Relevance for Exam

1. Education & Governance (GS Paper-2)

• National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 reforms.
• Role of digital technology in education.

2. Digital India & Data Privacy (GS Paper-3)

• Use of AI & blockchain in student record management.
• Concerns about personal data protection.

3. Himachal Pradesh (State-Specific Relevance)

• Impact of APAAR ID on rural education in HP.
• Digital literacy challenges in hilly regions.

Possible Exam Questions (Prelims & Mains)

Prelims (MCQ) Based Questions:

1. What is the main purpose of the APAAR ID?
   a) To provide students with a unique lifelong academic identity ✅
   b) To replace Aadhaar cards for students
   c) To monitor teachers’ performance in schools
   d) To conduct national-level school examinations
2. Which ministry is responsible for implementing APAAR ID?
   a) Ministry of Home Affairs
   b) Ministry of Education ✅
   c) Ministry of Electronics and IT
   d) NITI Aayog
3. What key feature makes APAAR ID significant?
   a) It acts as a digital repository for academic records ✅
   b) It replaces Aadhaar for educational purposes
   c) It tracks students’ social media activity
   d) It mandates biometric attendance in schools
4. Under which policy was APAAR ID introduced?
   a) National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 ✅
   b) Digital India Initiative
   c) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
   d) Skill India Program

Mains (Descriptive) Based Questions:

1. Discuss the role of APAAR ID in transforming India’s education system. What are the key benefits and concerns associated with it?
2. How can APAAR ID enhance the implementation of NEP 2020? Suggest measures to ensure data privacy and security.
3. Analyze the challenges of digital education tracking in India. How can the government address the digital divide in rural areas?
4. What are the ethical and legal considerations in implementing a nationwide student ID system like APAAR?

Final Takeaway

• APAAR ID is a 12-digit permanent student ID launched under NEP 2020.
• Digitizes academic records, simplifies admissions & enables AI-powered learning.
• Concerns include privacy risks, potential mandatory enforcement & digital divide.
• Needs strong parental consent mechanisms & better public awareness.

3. Bird Flu Spread in Bihar – Science and Technology

Why in News?

• Bihar is experiencing an outbreak of bird flu (H5N1 strain), but lacks a dedicated testing facility for confirming cases.
• H5N1 is highly contagious, affecting both birds and mammals.
• Climate change is accelerating the spread of avian influenza by altering bird migration patterns.

Significance of the Outbreak:

• Threat to poultry industry & economy.
• Risk of transmission to humans through close contact with infected birds.
• Impact on wildlife conservation, especially migratory birds.

About H5N1 Bird Flu

• Virus Type: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1
• First Detected: China (1996)
• Global Spread: Reported in Europe, North America, India & Southeast Asia.

1. How Does H5N1 Spread?

• Direct Contact: Infected birds, feathers, secretions, or feces.
• Contaminated Surfaces: Poultry farms, markets & processing plants.
• Migratory Birds: Spread virus across continents.

2. Bird Flu in India

• First major outbreak in Maharashtra & Gujarat (2015).
• Recurring outbreaks in Kerala, Haryana, Rajasthan & Bihar.
• India declared free of H5N1 in 2021, but fresh cases emerged in 2023-24.

3. Impact on Wildlife & Ecosystems

• Threatens wild birds, particularly endangered species like:
  • California Condors (U.S.)
  • Migratory Waterfowl in India
• Marine mammals such as sea lions & dolphins have also tested positive.

4. Human Risk Factors

• Direct human infections are rare, occurring mostly through close contact with infected birds.
• Risk of mutation: Could facilitate human-to-human transmission in the future, raising pandemic concerns.
• Previous Human Cases:
  • Vietnam & China (2003-2004) – Fatal cases reported.
  • India (2021) – First human case detected in Haryana.

Current Challenges in Bihar

1. Lack of Testing Facilities

• No dedicated labs in Bihar to confirm H5N1 cases quickly.
• Samples sent to central labs in Bhopal & Pune, delaying response time.

2. Economic Impact on Poultry Industry

• Mass culling of poultry birds affects farmers & businesses.
• Sharp drop in poultry demand, causing financial losses.

3. Wildlife Conservation Concerns

• Threatens migratory birds & wetland ecosystems in Bihar.
• Potential spread to other animals, increasing biodiversity risks.

4. Public Health Risks & Preparedness Gaps

• Limited awareness among poultry workers about safety measures.
• Absence of a clear vaccination strategy for poultry birds in Bihar.

Measures Taken & Way Forward

1. Strengthening Testing & Surveillance

• Setting up dedicated H5N1 testing labs in Bihar.
• Monitoring poultry farms, wetlands & bird sanctuaries.
• Regular health checks for poultry workers.

2. Biosecurity Measures in Poultry Industry

• Strict hygiene controls & farm disinfection.
• Ban on inter-state poultry transport from affected areas.

3. Public Health Awareness & Safety Guidelines

• Educating poultry farmers about safe handling of birds.
• Encouraging consumption of well-cooked poultry products.

4. Vaccination & Research Efforts

• Developing vaccines for poultry & potential human transmission prevention.
• Strengthening pandemic preparedness for potential mutations.

Relevance for Exam

1. Health & Disease Control (GS Paper-2 & 3)

• Pandemic preparedness & zoonotic disease management.
• Government response to emerging infectious diseases.

2. Economy & Agriculture (GS Paper-3)

• Impact of bird flu on India’s poultry industry.
• Losses faced by poultry farmers & trade restrictions.

3. Environment & Biodiversity (GS Paper-3)

• Effect of bird flu on wildlife & migratory birds.
• Conservation measures for wetlands & protected areas.

Possible Exam Questions (Prelims & Mains)

Prelims (MCQ) Based Questions:

1. Which of the following statements about H5N1 bird flu is correct?
   a) It primarily affects birds but can also infect mammals. ✅
   b) It is only transmitted through human contact.
   c) H5N1 has never been detected in India.
   d) The virus originated in Europe.
2. Which Indian state recently reported an outbreak of bird flu in 2025?
   a) Bihar ✅
   b) Maharashtra
   c) Kerala
   d) Punjab
3. What is the primary mode of transmission for bird flu?
   a) Direct contact with infected birds & surfaces ✅
   b) Airborne transmission between humans
   c) Contaminated drinking water
   d) Mosquito bites
4. Which organization monitors & responds to avian influenza outbreaks globally?
   a) World Health Organization (WHO) ✅
   b) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
   c) Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)
   d) NASA

Mains (Descriptive) Based Questions:

1. Discuss the impact of bird flu (H5N1) on public health, the economy, and wildlife in India. Suggest measures to control future outbreaks.
2. Analyze the role of climate change in the spread of zoonotic diseases like bird flu. What strategies should India adopt to mitigate such risks?
3. Examine the challenges in managing bird flu outbreaks in India’s poultry industry. How can the government support affected farmers?
4. What are the key challenges in testing & surveillance for avian influenza in India? Suggest solutions for strengthening disease monitoring.

Final Takeaway

• Bihar is facing a fresh outbreak of Bird Flu (H5N1), with major concerns over testing & disease control.
• H5N1 spreads through infected birds & has impacted poultry, migratory birds & some mammals.
• Threatens poultry farmers, public health, and wildlife conservation.
• India needs stronger disease surveillance, poultry safety measures & pandemic preparedness.

4. SpaDeX Mission Achievements – Science and Technology

Why in News?

• On March 13, 2025, ISRO successfully undocked two satellites as part of the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission.
• With this, India becomes the fourth nation after the U.S., Russia, and China to demonstrate in-space docking capabilities.
• This mission is a precursor to future space exploration projects, including lunar missions & India’s space station (Bharatiya Antariksha Station).

Significance of the Achievement:

• Strengthens India’s space technology for future crewed missions.
• Supports the Gaganyaan & Chandrayaan-4 programs.
• Enhances ISRO’s role in satellite servicing & space-based refueling.

About the SpaDeX Mission

• Launched By: ISRO
• Launch Date: February 2025
• Launch Vehicle: PSLV-C60 (Core-Alone Configuration)
• Orbit: 460 km altitude, 45° inclination

Key Features:

• A cost-effective technology demonstration mission.
• First successful in-space docking experiment by India.
• Tests docking, undocking & power transfer between spacecraft.

Mission Components:

• SDX-01 (Chaser Satellite) – Performs the docking maneuver.
• SDX-02 (Target Satellite) – Acts as a docking platform.

Objectives of SpaDeX:

1. Demonstrating In-Space Docking & Undocking
   • Enables spacecraft rendezvous, approach & connection in orbit.
   • Vital for future space stations & long-duration missions.
2. Power Transfer Between Docked Spacecraft
   • Key for in-space refueling & satellite servicing.
   • Supports future robotic & AI-driven space missions.
3. Autonomous Spacecraft Maneuvers
   • Tests automated control & navigation systems in orbit.
4. Post-Undocking Operations
   • Each satellite continues to operate independently, collecting scientific data.

Recent Developments:

• Successful undocking at 460 km altitude.
• Both satellites are in normal health & functioning separately.

Future Applications of SpaDeX Technology

1. Supports India’s Space Station – “Bharatiya Antariksha Station”
   • Essential for modular assembly & docking of new space station modules.
2. Enhances Gaganyaan Mission Capabilities
   • Docking technology needed for human spaceflight & crewed lunar landings.
3. Enables Chandrayaan-4 Lunar Sample Return Mission
   • Key for transferring lunar soil & rock samples back to Earth.
4. Paves the Way for Satellite Servicing & Refueling
   • Reduces costs by allowing satellite repairs in space.\
   • Improves mission lifespans & space station maintenance.
5. Boosts India’s Role in International Space Collaborations
   • Allows India to participate in global docking missions (ISS, Artemis Program, etc.).

Relevance for Exam

1. Science & Technology (GS Paper-3)

• India’s advancements in space technology & docking systems.
• Role of ISRO in global space exploration.

2. International Relations (GS Paper-2)

• India’s position among spacefaring nations.
• Future collaborations with NASA, Roscosmos & CNSA (China’s space agency).

3. Economy & Innovation (GS Paper-3)

• Impact of space technology on India’s economy & defense sector.
• Potential for commercial satellite servicing & in-space manufacturing.

Possible Exam Questions (Prelims & Mains)

Prelims (MCQ) Based Questions:

1. Which of the following statements about the SpaDeX mission is correct?
   a) It is India’s first in-space docking experiment. ✅
   b) It aims to land a spacecraft on Mars.
   c) SpaDeX is a part of the Aditya-L1 mission.
   d) The mission was conducted in collaboration with NASA.
2. Which launch vehicle was used for the SpaDeX mission?
   a) PSLV-C60 ✅
   b) GSLV Mk III
   c) SSLV
   d) RLV-TD
3. What was the primary objective of the SpaDeX mission?
   a) To demonstrate in-space docking and undocking technology ✅
   b) To test deep space communication systems
   c) To launch a human spaceflight to the Moon
   d) To deploy satellites for India’s defense sector
4. Which of the following is NOT an application of in-space docking technology?
   a) Terrestrial weather forecasting ✅
   b) Space station assembly
   c) Satellite servicing
   d) Spacecraft refueling

Mains (Descriptive) Based Questions:

1. Explain the significance of ISRO’s SpaDeX mission. How does it contribute to India’s future space exploration goals?
2. Discuss the role of in-space docking technology in human spaceflight and space station development.
3. What are the challenges in developing docking technology for space missions? How can India overcome them?
4. Analyze how the SpaDeX mission strengthens India’s position as a spacefaring nation.

Final Takeaway

• SpaDeX is India’s first successful in-space docking mission.
• Demonstrates spacecraft docking, power transfer & automation.
• Supports future lunar, space station & satellite servicing missions.
• Boosts India’s role in global space exploration & international partnerships.

5. Centre Makes ‘Quantum Hub’ Operational – Science and Technology

Why in News?

• The Government of India has operationalized four Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) under the National Quantum Mission (NQM).
• Uttar Pradesh received the highest allocation of ₹28.7 crore, followed by Karnataka, Maharashtra, Delhi, and Tamil Nadu.
• These T-Hubs focus on cutting-edge quantum computing research and are housed in India’s leading academic institutions.

Significance of the Initiative:

• Strengthens India’s position in quantum technology research.
• Supports national security & communication systems through quantum encryption.
• Encourages academic & industrial collaboration in quantum innovations.

About Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) for Quantum Research

• Established Under: National Quantum Mission (NQM)
• Objective: To drive innovation, research, and development in quantum technology.
• Implementing Agency: Department of Science & Technology (DST), Ministry of Science & Technology
• Mission Period: 2023-2031
• Total Budget: ₹6,003.65 crore

1. Focus Areas of T-Hubs & Their Locations

2. Management Coordination:

• IIT Kanpur serves as the coordinating institution for administration and funding.
• The hubs operate across 17 States & 2 Union Territories, involving 14 technical research groups.

3. Key Goals of the National Quantum Mission (NQM)

• Quantum Computing Development
  • 20-50 qubits in 3 years.
  • 50-100 qubits in 5 years.
  • 50-1,000 qubits in 8 years.
• Quantum Communication Advancements
  • Satellite-based quantum communication over 2,000 km.
  • Inter-city quantum key distribution (QKD) for cybersecurity.
  • Multi-node quantum networks for secure digital transactions.
• Quantum Sensing & Metrology Applications
  • Precision navigation & high-resolution imaging.
  • Defense applications using quantum-enhanced sensing.
• Quantum Materials & Devices Research
  • Development of superconducting quantum materials.
  • Advancements in quantum photonics & semiconductors.

Why is Quantum Technology Important?

1. Enhances Cybersecurity & Communication Systems

• Quantum cryptography ensures unbreakable encryption.
• Resistant to cyber-attacks from supercomputers.

2. Boosts Computational Power

• Quantum computers outperform classical computers in solving complex problems.
• Useful in drug discovery, financial modeling & AI research.

3. Strengthens National Defense & Surveillance

• Quantum sensors improve missile guidance & military communication.
• Prevents cyber espionage & hacking threats.

4. Advances Healthcare & Biotechnology

• Quantum-based medical imaging enhances early disease detection.
• Simulations help develop new vaccines & medicines.

5. Supports Space & Satellite Technology

• Quantum sensors help in high-precision satellite navigation.
• Satellite-based quantum communication enhances global cybersecurity.

Relevance for Exam

1. Science & Technology (GS Paper-3)

• India’s advancements in quantum computing & communication.
• Role of quantum technology in cybersecurity & defense.

2. Economy & Innovation (GS Paper-3)

• How quantum technology will impact India’s digital economy.
• Role of government investment in high-tech research.

3. International Relations & Security (GS Paper-2 & 3)

• Global competition in quantum computing (U.S., China, EU).
• India’s cybersecurity strategy against cyber warfare threats.

Possible Exam Questions (Prelims & Mains)

Prelims (MCQ) Based Questions:

1. Which institution is responsible for Quantum Computing research under India’s National Quantum Mission?
   a) IISc Bengaluru ✅
   b) IIT Bombay
   c) IIT Kanpur
   d) IIT Delhi
2. What is the primary goal of India’s National Quantum Mission?
   a) To develop commercial quantum processors
   b) To build quantum computers & communication networks ✅
   c) To train AI models using quantum computing
   d) To launch quantum satellites
3. Which of the following technologies is NOT associated with quantum research?
   a) Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)
   b) Quantum Cryptography
   c) Blockchain Technology ✅
   d) Quantum Sensors
4. What is the significance of Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) under the National Quantum Mission?
   a) They focus on specialized quantum research areas like computing & sensing ✅
   b) They develop AI-based quantum software
   c) They work only on semiconductor technology
   d) They are limited to defense research

Mains (Descriptive) Based Questions:

1. Discuss the significance of the National Quantum Mission (NQM) in enhancing India’s technological capabilities. How does it compare with global quantum initiatives?
2. How can quantum computing and quantum communication improve cybersecurity? Explain with examples.
3. Critically analyze the challenges India faces in developing quantum technology and suggest solutions to overcome them.
4. What role does quantum sensing play in national defense and space exploration? Discuss with recent developments.

Final Takeaway

• India has operationalized four Thematic Quantum Hubs under the National Quantum Mission (NQM).
• Research covers quantum computing, communication, sensing & materials.
• Enhances cybersecurity, defense, healthcare & space applications.
• India aims to develop 50-1,000 qubit quantum computers within 8 years.
• Strengthens India’s position in global quantum technology research.

6. Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) – Science and Technology

Why in News?

• Scientists from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have documented a flareless Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) using the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) aboard Aditya-L1, India’s first solar observatory mission.
• This is a significant milestone in solar studies, as flareless CMEs are harder to detect compared to those associated with solar flares.

Significance of the Discovery:

• Enhances space weather prediction capabilities.
• Helps protect satellites, power grids & astronauts from solar radiation impacts.
• Supports ISRO’s long-term space exploration & communication security goals.

What are Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)?

Definition:

• CMEs are massive bursts of solar plasma and magnetic fields expelled from the Sun’s corona into space.
• They travel at speeds of 250-3,000 km/s and can reach Earth in 1-5 days.

Difference Between CMEs & Solar Flares:

Types of CMEs:

• Flare-Associated CMEs: Linked with powerful solar flares.
• Flareless CMEs: Occur without a preceding flare; difficult to detect.
• Halo CMEs: Directed toward Earth, appearing as a full halo in coronagraph images.

Recent Discovery:

• IIA detected a “flareless” CME, which is important for improving early warning systems for geomagnetic storms.

Causes of CMEs

1. Magnetic Field Activity in the Sun’s Corona

• The Sun’s magnetic field lines twist & tangle, storing energy.

2. Magnetic Reconnection Events

• When magnetic field lines suddenly realign, energy is explosively released, ejecting plasma.

3. Solar Cycle Influence

• CMEs are more frequent during the Solar Maximum (when sunspot activity peaks every 11 years).

Current Solar Cycle Status:

• We are in Solar Cycle 25 (2020-2031), approaching its peak in 2025-26, meaning more frequent & intense CMEs.

Impacts of CMEs on Earth

1. Geomagnetic Storms

• Strong CMEs interact with Earth’s magnetosphere, triggering powerful geomagnetic storms.
• Example: The Carrington Event (1859) caused telegraph failures & electric shocks to operators.

2. Auroras (Northern & Southern Lights)

• Charged particles from CMEs collide with Earth’s atmosphere, producing spectacular auroras.
• Visible in high-latitude regions like Canada, Scandinavia, & Antarctica.

3. Disruptions in Power Grids & Communications

• High-energy CMEs induce currents in power lines, risking blackouts (e.g., Quebec blackout, 1989).
• Radio signals, GPS & internet infrastructure can be affected.

4. Damage to Satellites & Spacecraft

• CMEs increase radiation exposure, damaging electronic components & solar panels of satellites.
• May disrupt global communication & navigation networks.

5. Health Risks to Astronauts

• Increased radiation exposure poses a serious threat to astronauts aboard ISS, Moon & Mars missions.
• NASA & ISRO monitor solar storms to protect astronauts with storm shelters.

🔹 Role of Aditya-L1 in CME Monitoring

• Aditya-L1 is India’s first solar mission launched in September 2023.
• Placed at Lagrange Point-1 (L1), 1.5 million km from Earth, providing continuous solar observations.

Instruments for CME Detection:

• Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC): Tracks solar corona dynamics & CMEs.
• Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT): Captures UV images of the Sun’s outer layer.
• Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya (PAPA): Studies high-energy particles emitted by the Sun.

Significance of Aditya-L1 for India:

• Enhances space weather prediction & early warning systems.
• Protects satellites, power grids & astronauts from CME effects.
• Strengthens India’s position in global solar research.

Relevance for Exam

1. Science & Technology (GS Paper-3)

• Role of Aditya-L1 in solar studies.
• Impact of space weather on Earth’s technology & communication.

2. Disaster Management & Space Policy (GS Paper-3)

• How CMEs affect infrastructure & power grids.
• Need for global coordination in space weather prediction.

3. International Relations (GS Paper-2)

• India’s role in global space collaborations (NASA, ESA, ISRO, Roscosmos).
• Space diplomacy & data sharing on CMEs.

Possible Exam Questions (Prelims & Mains)

Prelims (MCQ) Based Questions:

1. What are Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)?
   a) Large bursts of plasma & magnetic fields from the Sun’s corona ✅
   b) High-energy gamma-ray bursts from distant stars
   c) Sudden explosions on the Moon’s surface
   d) Shockwaves from supernovae
2. Which of the following instruments aboard Aditya-L1 helps in detecting CMEs?
   a) Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)
   b) Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) ✅
   c) Mars Color Camera (MCC)
   d) Gamma-ray Spectrometer
3. Which event in history was caused by a powerful CME?
   a) The Carrington Event (1859) ✅
   b) Tunguska Explosion (1908)
   c) The Cold War Sputnik Incident (1957)
   d) The Great Dying (Permian Extinction)
4. Which space agency launched Aditya-L1 to study solar phenomena?
   a) NASA
   b) ESA
   c) CNSA
   d) ISRO ✅

Mains (Descriptive) Based Questions:

1. Explain the phenomenon of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). How do they affect Earth’s atmosphere, technology, and human activities?
2. Discuss the role of Aditya-L1 in studying solar storms and improving space weather forecasting.
3. How do CMEs impact global communication and satellite operations? Suggest measures to mitigate these effects.
4. Analyze India’s preparedness for tackling solar storm-related disasters. How can ISRO contribute to global space weather monitoring?

Final Takeaway

• CMEs are massive solar eruptions that can impact Earth’s magnetosphere, power grids, and satellites.
• Aditya-L1 is India’s first solar mission, helping to predict space weather events.
• CMEs are responsible for auroras, geomagnetic storms & disruptions in global communication.
• Understanding CMEs is crucial for protecting astronauts, satellites & critical infrastructure.
• India’s contribution to space weather forecasting is vital for global scientific collaboration.

7. The Gender Budget: Bigger Allocations, Little Impact – Governance

Why in News?

• The Union Budget 2025-26 has increased the gender budget to ₹4.49 lakh crore, marking a 37.25% rise from the previous fiscal year.
• However, marginalized women from SC/ST communities have not proportionately benefited due to structural barriers and ineffective implementation.
• Schemes like PM JANMAN (Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan) have had limited impact on SC/ST women due to a lack of targeted intervention.

Key Concerns:

• Limited impact despite increased allocation.
• Digital exclusion hinders access to welfare benefits.
• Outdated Census data (2011) affects accurate policy planning.
• Bureaucratic inefficiencies cause underutilization of funds.

What is the Gender Budget?

Definition:

• The Gender Budget is not a separate budget but an analysis of government allocations to ensure gender-equitable resource distribution.
• It focuses on women’s empowerment by integrating gender perspectives into policymaking.

Components of the Gender Budget:

1. Part A: Schemes exclusively for women
   • Example: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Maternity Benefit Program
2. Part B: Schemes where at least 30% of benefits go to women
   • Example: PM Awas Yojana, MGNREGA, PM JANMAN

Examples of Gender-Specific Schemes (2025-26 Budget)

Challenges in Implementation:

• Schemes lack an intersectional approach, neglecting marginalized women.
• Unequal fund utilization – 35% of SC/ST Sub-Plan funds remain unused.
• Caste & class disparities remain unaddressed.

Issues Affecting the Effectiveness of Gender Budgeting

1. Digital Exclusion of Rural Women

• Limited internet access & low digital literacy prevent rural & tribal women from accessing welfare benefits.
• Example: E-shram portal faced low registration rates among SC/ST women due to digital barriers.

2. Policy Planning Based on Outdated Census Data

• India’s last Census was in 2011, making it difficult to accurately assess women’s needs in 2025.
• Gender budgeting decisions are made without reliable data on current female literacy, health, and employment status.

3. Bureaucratic Inefficiencies & Fund Misallocation

• 35% of funds allocated for SC/ST women’s welfare remain unutilized due to administrative delays.
• Example: Post-Matric Scholarship for SC/ST students faced delays, preventing thousands from receiving aid.

4. Lack of Community Involvement in Decision-Making

• Policies often do not consult women beneficiaries, leading to poorly designed schemes.
• Tribal & Dalit women are disproportionately excluded from decision-making in Gram Sabhas & local governance.

5. Absence of Gender-Disaggregated Data in Government Reports

• Most welfare schemes do not track female beneficiaries separately, making it difficult to measure impact.
• Example: PM Awas Yojana does not record how many women SC/ST applicants received housing support.

Lessons from Kerala’s Kudumbashree Mission

Kudumbashree Model – A Best Practice in Gender Budgeting
Implemented in Kerala, Kudumbashree is a self-help group (SHG) network for women.

Key Features:

• Community-led approach ensures women’s participation in governance.
• Direct funding to women’s cooperatives reduces bureaucratic hurdles.
• Emphasis on entrepreneurship rather than passive welfare support.

Impact:

• Improved women’s economic participation in Kerala.
• Reduced gender disparities in healthcare & education.

How Can India Learn from This?

1. Decentralized implementation to allow women-led organizations to manage funds.
2. Direct cash transfers to women beneficiaries for better fund utilization.
3. Gender-specific impact assessments to measure scheme effectiveness.

Way Forward: Strengthening the Gender Budget

1. Invest in Digital Literacy & Internet Access

• Ensure SC/ST women have access to digital platforms for welfare schemes.
• Example: Expanding Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (DISHA) to rural areas.

2. Improve Fund Utilization Through Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT)

• Reduce bureaucratic delays by ensuring direct cash transfers to women’s bank accounts.

.3 Update Census Data for Effective Policy Design

• Conduct a gender-specific socio-economic survey to replace outdated 2011 Census data.

4. Increase SC/ST Women’s Participation in Policy-Making

• Ensure 50% representation of women in Gram Sabhas & local bodies.

5. Implement a Transparent Monitoring Mechanism

• Government departments should publish gender-disaggregated data on scheme implementation.
• Example: Tracking how many SC/ST women receive PM Awas Yojana benefits.

Relevance for Exam

1. Indian Economy & Governance (GS Paper-2 & GS Paper-3)

• How gender budgeting impacts economic growth.
• Evaluation of government welfare schemes & policy effectiveness.

2. Social Justice & Women’s Empowerment (GS Paper-1 & 2)

• Challenges faced by SC/ST women in accessing welfare benefits.
• Role of community-driven models (like Kudumbashree) in gender budgeting.

Possible Exam Questions (Prelims & Mains)

Prelims (MCQ) Based Questions:

1. Which of the following statements about the Gender Budget is correct?
   a) It is a separate budget exclusively for women.
   b) It is an analysis of government allocations for gender equity. ✅
   c) It is prepared only by the Ministry of Women & Child Development.
   d) None of the above.
2. Which of the following is NOT a challenge in gender budgeting?
   a) Digital exclusion of marginalized women.
   b) Surplus fund utilization. ✅
   c) Outdated Census data affecting policy planning.
   d) Bureaucratic inefficiencies.
3. What is a key feature of Kerala’s Kudumbashree Mission?
   a) Women-led self-help group model. ✅
   b) Direct cash transfers to men for women’s welfare.
   c) Centralized fund allocation for women’s schemes.
   d) Focus on government-run employment programs.

Mains (Descriptive) Based Questions:

1. Discuss the significance of gender budgeting in India. How can it be made more effective for marginalized women, particularly from SC/ST communities?
2. Analyze the challenges faced in the implementation of the gender budget in India. Suggest measures to enhance its impact.
3. How can models like Kudumbashree improve the effectiveness of gender budgeting at the grassroots level? Discuss.
4. Evaluate the impact of digital exclusion on the accessibility of welfare schemes for women in India. How can technology be leveraged for better gender inclusion?

Final Takeaway

• Gender Budget 2025-26 increased to ₹4.49 lakh crore (+37.25%).
• SC/ST women face digital exclusion, fund misallocation & policy gaps.
• Outdated Census data (2011) affects accurate targeting of funds.
• Kudumbashree Mission in Kerala provides a successful women-led model.
• Policy reforms needed: Digital literacy, direct benefit transfers, better fund tracking.