Important News Articles & Editorial Analysis
Table of Contents
- Merchandise Exports Surge 20% as India Diversifies Trade Indian EconomyPage 01 · GS III
- SraVaani: AI Speech Model Trained on 65 Indian Languages Released Science & TechnologyPage 03 · GS II & III
- Why Vital Chemotherapy Drugs Are in Short Supply in India Page 07 · GS II
- A Predictable Rise: Inflation Will Remain High in the Foreseeable Future Indian EconomyPage 08 · GS III
- The Constitutional Limits on Arrest Indian PolityPage 10 · GS II
- Editorial: Europe’s AI Rules May Become India’s Opportunity Science & TechnologyPage 08 · GS III · Editorial
Merchandise Exports Surge 20% as India Diversifies Trade
India’s external sector demonstrated strong resilience as merchandise exports expanded by 19.6% year-on-year to $44.2 billion in July 2026. Despite regional conflict in West Asia, the strategic rerouting of shipping corridors and deliberate market diversification served as the key catalysts for trade recovery.
Key Findings and Analytical Insights
Strategic Maritime Adaptation
Exporters bypassed vulnerable maritime chokepoints — notably the Strait of Hormuz — by shifting freight traffic to alternative ports outside the strait, including ports in Oman and Fujairah and Khor Fakkan in the UAE. Exports to West Asia itself recovered, running roughly 9% above the same period last year.
Geographic Diversification
- Asia-Pacific: Significant expansion in China (+65% in July to $2.2 billion), alongside Vietnam, South Korea, Singapore, Japan and Taiwan.
- Africa and Europe: Substantial momentum in Tanzania (+130%), Kenya, the SACU region and Austria.
The Trade Deficit Dilemma
Merchandise import growth (17.5%) lagged export growth (19.6%), yet the overall monthly trade deficit still widened to $15 billion from $11.4 billion a year earlier. The reason is arithmetic rather than services: imports grow from a far larger base, so a lower percentage increase still adds more dollars — the merchandise gap widened by roughly $4.1 billion. Services export growth (6.4%) did trail services import growth (9.5%), reflecting muted global demand, but the services surplus itself edged up and partly offset the widening.
| Indicator | July 2025 | July 2026 | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Exports (goods + services) | $70.72 bn | $80.14 bn | +13.31% |
| Total Imports (goods + services) | $82.16 bn | $95.16 bn | +15.83% |
| Merchandise Exports | — | $44.2 bn | +19.6% |
| Merchandise Imports | — | $76.2 bn | +17.5% |
| Services Exports | — | $35.9 bn | +6.4% |
| Services Imports | — | $18.9 bn | +9.5% |
| Merchandise Deficit | ~$27.9 bn | ~$32.0 bn | Widened by ~$4.1 bn |
| Services Surplus | ~$16.5 bn | ~$17.0 bn | Edged up ~$0.5 bn |
| Overall Trade Deficit | $11.4 bn | $15.0 bn | Widened by ~$3.6 bn |
Related Static Dimensions
| Element | Key Facts |
|---|---|
| Foreign Trade Policy (2023–28) | Focuses on market diversification, promoting ‘Districts as Export Hubs’, and expanding non-traditional trade destinations. It has no fixed sunset date, allowing continuous revision. |
| Chokepoints and Supply Chain Vulnerability | Highlights India’s exposure to critical sea lines of communication (SLOCs) such as the Strait of Hormuz and Bab-el-Mandeb, underscoring the need for robust multimodal logistics networks. |
| Current Account Deficit Dynamics | A sluggish services trade surplus combined with a structural merchandise deficit feeds directly into the overall CAD and currency stability. |
India Implications
- The base asymmetry is the binding constraint: against a $76 billion import bill and a $44 billion export bill, India must grow exports far faster than imports merely to hold the deficit steady — which is why a 19.6% export surge still coincided with a wider gap.
- The services surplus remains India’s external shock absorber, and it held up this month; any sustained slowdown in IT and business services would remove the main stabiliser of the current account.
- Rerouting around the Strait of Hormuz demonstrates operational agility but adds freight cost and transit time, quietly eroding the price competitiveness of Indian goods.
- A 65% jump in exports to China is notable given the persistent bilateral trade imbalance, though it comes off a low base and does little to alter the structural asymmetry.
- Momentum in Africa — Tanzania, Kenya and SACU — validates the diversification thrust and strengthens the case for concluding FTAs with emerging economies.
- For Himachal Pradesh, the Baddi–Barotiwala–Nalagarh belt is one of India’s largest pharmaceutical formulation clusters and a significant contributor to state exports, so shipping-route disruption and freight inflation feed straight into the state’s industrial economy.
Conclusion
India’s agility in rerouting maritime traffic and diversifying export markets highlights growing trade resilience amid global shocks. Sustaining long-term external balance, however, will require revitalising services exports, enhancing domestic manufacturing competitiveness, and accelerating Free Trade Agreements with emerging economies.
Q. Which of the following would most directly contribute to export market diversification?
- A. Concentrating exports in a single large market.
- B. Developing trade relationships with multiple geographical regions and product markets.
- C. Increasing dependence on imported intermediate goods.
- D. Restricting exports to traditional trading partners.
Click to reveal answer
Ans: B Diversification means spreading exposure across geographies and product baskets so that a shock in any one market or corridor does not threaten total export earnings. Option A is concentration, the opposite; option C concerns import dependence; option D would narrow the market base further.
“India’s external sector resilience increasingly depends on diversification rather than dependence on a few traditional markets.” Discuss.10 Marks · 150 Words
SraVaani: AI Speech Model Trained on 65 Indian Languages Released
Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru — specifically its SPIRE Lab, in collaboration with ARTPARK and Google — have launched SraVaani, an open-source multilingual Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) model. Released under an MIT licence on Hugging Face, SraVaani covers 65 Indian languages and dialects, significantly expanding AI accessibility beyond the major languages.
Key Highlights and Significance
Broad Coverage
Models 20 scheduled languages and 45 non-scheduled regional languages and dialects — including Garo, Angika, Kokborok, Tulu, Bundeli, Chakma and Bajjika — over 40 of which today’s speech recognition systems do not officially support.
Bridging the Digital Divide
Extends voice AI capability to roughly 25 crore underserved citizens (2011 Census) whose languages are not properly handled by current systems.
High Technical Accuracy
Achieves substantial performance gains on low-resource languages. On Garo, the Word Error Rate (WER) falls to 9.5%, against 69.4% for the next-best system evaluated.
Open Source Democratisation
The MIT licence allows researchers, startups and developers to build localised governance tools, educational applications and assistive technology for rural populations without licensing cost or vendor lock-in.
Related Static Dimensions
| Element | Key Facts |
|---|---|
| Eighth Schedule | Recognises 22 official scheduled languages, read with Articles 344(1) and 351. |
| Article 29 | Protects the interests of minorities, including the right to conserve a distinct language, script or culture — the constitutional spur to digitally empower non-scheduled languages. |
| Bhashini Initiative | The National Language Translation Mission under MeitY, aimed at overcoming language barriers through local-language AI. |
| Digital India | Advances inclusive access to public services via voice-based interfaces for non-literate populations. |
| Socio-Economic Reach | Facilitates last-mile delivery in agrarian, health and financial inclusion services, and helps preserve endangered dialects and indigenous oral cultures across the Northeast and tribal belts. |
India Implications
- Voice is the natural interface for non-literate users; ASR in a citizen’s own dialect turns grievance redress, entitlement checks and advisory services into something usable without literacy or typing.
- A collapse in WER from 69.4% to 9.5% is the difference between a demo and a deployable system — below roughly 10%, speech interfaces become viable for real service delivery.
- Open-source release under MIT means state governments and startups can build on it without licensing cost, avoiding dependence on proprietary foreign models for public-facing services.
- Covering non-scheduled languages addresses a persistent gap: constitutional recognition has historically driven resource allocation, leaving dialect speakers doubly excluded — from official status and from technology.
- For Himachal Pradesh, the Pahari dialect continuum — Kangri, Mandeali, Kinnauri, Bhoti and others — sits entirely outside the Eighth Schedule, so models of this kind are the only realistic route to voice-enabled governance for hill and tribal districts such as Lahaul-Spiti and Kinnaur.
Conclusion
SraVaani exemplifies how open-source indigenous innovation can bridge India’s deep linguistic divide. By bringing 45 non-scheduled and regional dialects into the AI ecosystem, it marks a critical step towards the democratisation of technology, supporting inclusive digital governance and cultural preservation alike.
Q. Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) refers to:
- A. Conversion of written text into speech.
- B. Conversion of human speech into machine-readable text.
- C. Translation of one written language into another.
- D. Generation of images from spoken commands.
Click to reveal answer
Ans: B ASR converts spoken audio into text. Option A describes Text-to-Speech (TTS), the inverse process; option C describes machine translation. Accuracy in ASR is measured by the Word Error Rate — the lower the WER, the better the system.
“Language accessibility is an essential component of digital inclusion.” Examine the role of multilingual AI in improving last-mile delivery of public services in India.10 Marks · 150 Words
Why Vital Chemotherapy Drugs Are in Short Supply in India
A nationwide shortage of essential platinum-based chemotherapy drugs — Cisplatin and Carboplatin — has exposed structural vulnerabilities in India’s pharmaceutical supply chain. The disruption shows how external geopolitical tension and domestic price rigidity can combine to threaten health equity and patient survival directly.
Key Causes of the Shortage
Raw Material Cost Inflation
Global prices for platinum — the core Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) — more than doubled, driving production costs beyond the permissible retail ceiling.
Geopolitical and Transit Bottlenecks
Conflict and maritime routing disruption in West Asia severely choked primary raw material import channels, compounding the price shock with a volume shock.
Regulatory Price Rigidities
Fixed ceiling rates under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order made generic manufacturing financially unviable, forcing producers to halt output until the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) invoked special powers to raise ceiling prices by 50%.
Public Health and Social Impact
Compromised Care and Treatment Delays
Cisplatin and Carboplatin are core first- and second-line therapies for solid tumours, paediatric cancers, and cervical and head-and-neck radiation regimens. Delay or substitution with inferior alternatives directly lowers curative outcomes.
Asymmetric Supply Shock
Government hospitals cushioned the crisis through centralised procurement and long-term tenders, whereas private healthcare centres faced severe stock depletion — an unusual inversion of the usual availability gradient.
Related Static Dimensions
| Element | Key Facts |
|---|---|
| Right to Life and Health (Article 21) | Uninterrupted access to essential, life-saving medicine is a duty flowing from the right to life as interpreted by the Supreme Court. |
| Drug Price Regulation | The NPPA regulates prices under the DPCO, 2013, empowered by the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, balancing consumer affordability via the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) against manufacturing sustainability. |
| API and External Dependency | High dependence on global suppliers for Key Starting Materials (KSMs) and bulk drug raw materials creates acute fragility during global shocks. |
| Pharma Industrial Policy | Need to align the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme specifically towards critical, low-margin oncology APIs. |
India Implications
- Price control that ignores input-cost volatility can produce the very shortage it seeks to prevent — an affordable drug that is unavailable helps no one, making periodic ceiling revision a design necessity rather than a concession.
- India is the “pharmacy of the world” in formulations yet remains import-dependent for KSMs and bulk drugs, so a strategic-autonomy gap sits inside a sector of acknowledged strength.
- Cancer treatment is time-sensitive; a delay of weeks in a chemotherapy cycle is not a postponement but a measurable loss of curative probability.
- Because private centres bore the brunt, the burden fell on patients paying out of pocket — a reminder that catastrophic health expenditure and drug availability are the same policy problem.
- For Himachal Pradesh, oncology care concentrates at IGMC Shimla and the regional cancer centre, meaning hill patients already travelling long distances for each cycle are least able to absorb a stock-out — even as the state’s own Baddi pharmaceutical cluster sits on the manufacturing side of the same chain.
Conclusion
While temporary price revision offers immediate relief, long-term resilience requires a National Oncology Drug Security Framework. India must build strategic drug reserves for essential NLEM anti-cancer medicines, implement real-time supply-tracking early warning systems, and incentivise domestic API manufacturing to decouple critical healthcare from global geopolitical shocks.
Q. Which of the following best describes pharmaceutical supply-chain resilience?
- A. Dependence on the cheapest available foreign supplier.
- B. Ability of the pharmaceutical system to anticipate, absorb and recover from disruptions while maintaining essential medicine availability.
- C. Complete elimination of pharmaceutical imports.
- D. Maintaining maximum inventory of every pharmaceutical product.
Click to reveal answer
Ans: B Resilience is the capacity to anticipate, absorb, adapt to and recover from disruption while sustaining essential supply. It is neither autarky (option C) nor indiscriminate stockpiling (option D), both of which impose costs without necessarily improving availability where it matters.
“Access to essential medicines is an important component of the right to health.” Examine the challenges faced by India in ensuring uninterrupted availability of life-saving medicines.10 Marks · 150 Words
A Predictable Rise: Inflation Will Remain High in the Foreseeable Future
India’s headline retail inflation reached a 19-month high of 4.45% in July, staying above the Reserve Bank of India’s 4% target for the second straight month. Driven primarily by supply-side disruption in food and energy, the rise coincides with visible signs of slowing domestic economic momentum.
Key Analytical Takeaways
Rural–Food Inflation Divergence
Price pressure remains unevenly distributed. Rural food inflation rose from 5.45% in June to 5.79% in July, while urban food inflation eased marginally from 5.09% to 5.05%. The rural spike was driven by kitchen staples — garlic (35.36%), onion (22.54%) and ginger (83.62%) — even as potato and tomato prices moderated.
Sticky Service and Input Costs
Rising transport costs (4.43%) and goods transport services (7.77%) reflect persistent input pressure. High restaurant and food-serving service inflation (7.75%) signals delayed operational cost recovery from preceding months — the classic second-round effect.
External and Geopolitical Vulnerabilities
Rupee depreciation of about 1.6% between the June and July CPI reference dates, elevated precious metals prices (gold +32.98%, silver +109.84%), and supply risk surrounding Russian crude shipping hubs such as Novorossiysk together heighten the risk of imported inflation.
The Growth–Inflation Trade-off
With the HSBC Composite PMI slowing from 57.1 to 54.3, the Monetary Policy Committee faces a balancing act. Holding the repo rate at 5.25% for a fourth consecutive meeting reflects a prolonged “pause” strategy — avoiding a dampening of growth while supply shocks work through the system.
| Indicator | Reading | Signal |
|---|---|---|
| Headline CPI | 4.45% | 19-month high; above target for a second month |
| Rural Food Inflation | 5.79% (from 5.45%) | Rising |
| Urban Food Inflation | 5.05% (from 5.09%) | Marginally easing |
| Food-Serving Services | 7.75% | Second-round cost pass-through |
| Goods Transport Services | 7.77% (from 7.70%) | Sticky input costs |
| Gold / Silver | +32.98% / +109.84% | Precious metals surge |
| Composite PMI | 57.1 → 54.3 | Weakening momentum |
| Repo Rate | 5.25% | Held for a fourth consecutive meeting |
Related Static Dimensions
| Concept | Content |
|---|---|
| Flexible Inflation Targeting | Statutory framework under Section 45ZA of the RBI Act, 1934, mandating target CPI inflation of 4% with a ±2% tolerance band (2%–6%). |
| Headline vs Core Inflation | Headline CPI measures the overall consumer basket; core inflation excludes volatile food and fuel to reveal underlying demand dynamics. |
| Monetary Policy Committee | A six-member statutory body under Section 45ZB, responsible for determining the policy repo rate. |
| Imported Inflation | Price-level increase caused by rising costs of imported raw materials, a depreciating currency, or global logistics premiums. |
India Implications
- Inflation rising while the PMI falls is the difficult combination for a central bank: rate hikes would address prices the MPC cannot control while worsening the growth already slowing.
- Supply-side inflation calls for fiscal and logistical tools — buffer stock release, trade policy adjustment, cold-chain investment — rather than monetary tightening.
- The pass-through into food-serving and transport services is the warning sign; once embedded in service prices, inflation becomes far stickier than a vegetable spike.
- Precious metals inflation of this magnitude reflects global safe-haven demand, largely beyond domestic policy reach, and distorts the personal care and durables segments of the index.
- For Himachal Pradesh, rural food inflation running well above the urban rate compounds an already higher hill cost base, where every consumption item carries an additional freight margin.
Conclusion
Managing supply-driven inflation requires a dual approach: targeted supply-side fiscal intervention — logistical streamlining and strategic food buffer releases — alongside prudent monetary calibration by the RBI to keep medium-term inflation expectations anchored without derailing domestic recovery.
Imported inflation has become an important macroeconomic risk for India. Discuss its major transmission channels and suggest measures to reduce India’s vulnerability.10 Marks · 150 Words
The Constitutional Limits on Arrest
The Supreme Court’s judgment in Vihaan Kumar v. State of Haryana (2025) reinforces constitutional safeguards against arbitrary state power. It emphasises that personal liberty is paramount, and that procedural compliance is a strict constitutional prerequisite rather than a mere administrative formality.
Key Takeaways and Judicial Analysis
Direct and Meaningful Communication
Under Article 22(1), an arrested person must be informed of the grounds of arrest directly and meaningfully. Informing relatives, vague entries in case diaries, or a bare arrest memo do not satisfy the requirement.
Vitiation of Subsequent Custody
If the initial arrest violates constitutional safeguards, all subsequent remand orders become illegal — the defect at the threshold travels through the entire chain of custody.
Mandatory Time Records
The arrest memo must record the exact time of arrest to verify compliance with Article 22(2) and Section 58 of the BNSS, 2023 (formerly Section 57, CrPC), which requires production before a magistrate within 24 hours, excluding travel time.
Right to Custodial Dignity
The judgment condemned inhumane treatment — such as chaining an accused to a hospital bed — reaffirming that custodial dignity is an integral part of Article 21.
Deterrence Against Arbitrary Arrests
Building on Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar (2014), the Court reiterated that arrest should be an exception rather than a routine response, particularly for offences punishable by less than seven years’ imprisonment.
Related Static Dimensions
| Provision | Content |
|---|---|
| Article 21 | Guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, including fair trial and human dignity. |
| Article 22(1)–(2) | Protections against arrest and detention — the right to know the grounds, to consult a legal practitioner of choice, and to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours. |
| Article 22(3)–(7) | Preventive detention limits — detention without trial for up to three months unless extended by an Advisory Board. |
| Golden Triangle (Articles 14, 19, 21) | Established in Maneka Gandhi (1978): laws restricting personal liberty must also satisfy non-arbitrariness under Article 14 and reasonableness under Article 19. |
| Section | Provision | Former CrPC Section |
|---|---|---|
| Section 35 | Conditions for arrest without warrant | Section 41 |
| Section 47 | Duty to inform grounds of arrest and of the right to bail | Section 50 |
| Section 58 | Person arrested not to be detained more than 24 hours without magistrate production | Section 57 |
India Implications
- The ruling shifts the burden of proof onto the police to demonstrate compliance, converting a right that was often nominal into one with a concrete evidentiary test.
- Because defective arrest vitiates all subsequent remand, the judgment gives the safeguard practical teeth — non-compliance now costs the prosecution its custody, not merely a judicial reprimand.
- India’s prison population is overwhelmingly composed of undertrials; disciplining the arrest stage is the most direct intervention available upstream of the pendency problem.
- Effective implementation depends on police training and station-level record-keeping, since the requirement is documentary and falls on the constabulary rather than senior officers.
- For Himachal Pradesh and other hill states, the 24-hour rule’s exclusion of travel time matters concretely, as remote police posts in Kinnaur, Lahaul-Spiti and Chamba are hours from the nearest magistrate — making an accurate recorded time of arrest the only workable proof of compliance.
Conclusion
This landmark ruling shifts the burden squarely onto law enforcement to prove strict compliance with procedural rights. By invalidating arrests made without explicit communication of grounds, the judiciary reinforces the rule of law and maintains the delicate balance between the authority of the state and the fundamental liberties of citizens.
Q. Which of the following best captures the relationship between Articles 14, 19 and 21 after Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India?
- A. They operate independently and cannot be invoked together.
- B. Restrictions on personal liberty must satisfy requirements of non-arbitrariness and procedural fairness.
- C. Article 21 applies only to citizens.
- D. Article 14 deals exclusively with reservation.
Click to reveal answer
Ans: B Maneka Gandhi (1978) overruled the compartmentalised reading of A.K. Gopalan and held that Articles 14, 19 and 21 form an interlocking “golden triangle”: a procedure depriving personal liberty must be fair, just and reasonable, not merely enacted. Option C is wrong — Article 21 extends to all persons, including non-citizens.
“Personal liberty cannot be made subordinate to administrative convenience.” Discuss in the context of constitutional safeguards against arbitrary arrest.10 Marks · 150 Words
Editorial: Europe’s AI Rules May Become India’s Opportunity
Context: The European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act adopts a stringent, risk-based regulatory regime imposing compliance duties on high-risk AI deployments. As India prepares standalone national AI legislation, the extra-territorial reach of the EU AI Act presents a dual dynamic: significant operational friction for India’s agile software services sector, alongside a multi-billion-dollar market opportunity for domestic legal, compliance and auditing services.
Core Conflict: EU Regulatory Model versus Indian Tech Delivery
The Static Model Assumption
The EU AI Act assumes software follows a static, product-like life cycle with fixed pre-market conformity assessment under Article 43 — treating software as something built, approved and then sold as a finished product.
The Dynamic Reality of Indian Tech
Indian IT services firms and Global Capability Centres (GCCs) in Bengaluru, Hyderabad and elsewhere run on continuous, responsive modification — “agile improvement on demand” — which is precisely the model the Act did not contemplate.
The Substantial Modification Trap
Any unanticipated post-approval modification, or change in intended purpose, forces a fresh conformity assessment, shifting heavy provider-level liabilities onto service providers. For an industry whose entire promise is improvement on demand, an unplanned improvement may itself trigger a fresh regulatory exercise.
Key Opportunities for India
| Opportunity | Substance |
|---|---|
| Compliance Services Market | Technical documentation, human-oversight logging, data-governance validation and adversarial testing under EU technical standards create large-scale demand for Indian tech and legal professionals. |
| Institutional Trade Synergy | The India–EU Free Trade Agreement framework provides a pathway to negotiate mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) for third-country conformity assessment bodies. |
| Global Hub Potential | Securing legal recognition under EU treaties can transform Indian audit bodies into certified “Notified Bodies” for European AI clearance. |
Related Static Dimensions
| Theme | Key Dimensions |
|---|---|
| Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction | The “Brussels Effect” — as with GDPR, EU regulation sets de facto global standards for market access. |
| India–EU FTA and Regulatory Cooperation | Leveraging trade agreements for institutional mechanisms, services market access, and technical barriers to trade (TBT). |
| National AI Strategy | Interplay between foreign compliance law and India’s domestic framework — MeitY directives and the IndiaAI Mission. |
| Service Sector Export Shift | Evolution from traditional software maintenance towards high-value regulatory technology (RegTech) and algorithmic auditing. |
Way Forward
- Standardise RegTech Capabilities: Develop domestic standards for technical auditing aligned with international baselines.
- Proactive FTA Negotiations: Use the regulatory cooperation chapter of the India–EU FTA to win recognition for Indian Conformity Assessment Bodies.
- Balanced Domestic AI Law: Ensure India’s prospective AI legislation avoids rigid post-market re-certification hurdles, safeguarding agile workflows while maintaining ethical guardrails.
India Implications
- The episode illustrates that market access is now governed by standards rather than tariffs — a shift that affects services exports far more than customs duties ever did.
- India’s domestic AI law is effectively a trade instrument: drafting that diverges sharply from EU concepts raises compliance costs for the same firms it seeks to support.
- Conformity assessment is a high-margin professional service, offering a route to move up the value chain from maintenance-led IT exports towards regulatory and assurance work.
- Recognition as Notified Bodies would give India a structural stake in global AI governance, rather than the role of a rule-taker adapting to standards set elsewhere.
- The window is time-bound — compliance deadlines for high-risk systems extend to 2027 and 2028, so the institutional groundwork must be laid before the market for assessment capacity is settled by others.
Conclusion
The EU AI Act challenges India’s traditional IT development model, but it also creates an opportunity. By coupling domestic skill building in regulatory technology with strategic trade diplomacy under the India–EU FTA, India can move from being a compliant exporter to an essential international partner in global AI governance.
“Digital trade is increasingly governed by regulatory standards rather than tariffs alone.” Examine its implications for India’s services exports.10 Marks · 150 Words
RAMAN ACADEMY — Inspiring Excellence
North Oak, Sanjauli, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh – 171006
Contact: +91-7649911100 · ramanacademyshimla@gmail.com
