13th March 2025-Current Affairs

1. PM Schools for Rising India (PM SHRI) Scheme – Governance

Why in News?

• The Union Education Minister criticized Tamil Nadu for alleged mismanagement of the PM SHRI Scheme, leading to disruptions in the Lok Sabha.
• The PM SHRI Scheme is a centrally sponsored initiative launched in 2022 to upgrade 14,500 schools into model institutions under National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

Key Features of PM SHRI Scheme

Objectives of PM SHRI

• Transform schools into model institutions implementing NEP 2020.
• Holistic & Inclusive Learning – Focus on communication, collaboration & critical thinking.
• Modern Infrastructure – Smart classrooms, digital learning tools & vocational labs.
• Green Initiatives – Water conservation, solar panels & waste management.
• Skill Development – Job-oriented education & competency-based learning.

Funding Pattern

• States must sign an MoU with the Centre to receive funding.

Selection Process – Challenge Mode

• Only schools managed by Govt, KVs, JNVs & local bodies with permanent buildings are eligible.

School Quality Assessment Framework (SQAF)

• Ensures performance evaluation & institutional excellence.
• Monitors student learning outcomes & infrastructure standards.

Impact of PM SHRI Scheme

• Improves quality of education by implementing NEP 2020 reforms.
• Boosts digital learning through smart classrooms & ICT tools.
• Encourages vocational training for employment-oriented education.
• Enhances environmental sustainability with solar power & green practices.
• Bridges urban-rural education gaps through funded infrastructure upgrades.

Challenges & Concerns

• State Participation Issues – Political conflicts like Tamil Nadu’s reluctance to fully implement the scheme.
• Funding Constraints – Some states may struggle to contribute their share.
• Monitoring & Implementation – Need for efficient evaluation mechanisms to track progress.
• Equitable Distribution – Ensuring remote & underprivileged schools benefit equally.

Way Forward: Strengthening PM SHRI Implementation

• Ensure transparent selection & monitoring through digital tracking systems.
• Increase state-level involvement to overcome political challenges.
• Enhance teacher training for effective NEP 2020 implementation.
• Expand funding support to make the initiative more inclusive.

Relevance for Exam

• Governance & Education Reforms
  • Role of PM SHRI in improving school education in India.
  • Alignment with NEP 2020 & its impact on learning outcomes.
• Economy & Public Policy
  • Government funding mechanisms for education.
  • Public-Private Partnerships in education infrastructure.
• Digital & Skill-Based Learning
  • Smart classrooms, vocational training & employment opportunities.

Possible Exam Questions (Prelims & Mains)

Prelims (MCQ) Based Questions:

1. What is the primary objective of the PM SHRI Scheme?
   a) To upgrade schools into model institutions implementing NEP 2020 ✅
   b) To replace government schools with private institutions
   c) To provide free higher education in India
   d) To introduce coding courses in all schools
2. Which of the following funding patterns applies to general states under PM SHRI?
   a) 50:50
   b) 60:40 ✅
   c) 75:25
   d) 100% central funding
3. What is the selection process for schools under PM SHRI?
   a) Random selection by state governments
   b) Challenge Mode (Competitive Selection) ✅
   c) Based on student population alone
   d) By lottery system
4. Which schools are eligible for PM SHRI upgradation?
   a) Private schools
   b) Only Kendriya Vidyalayas (KVs)
   c) Government schools, KVs, JNVs & local body schools ✅
   d) Only schools in urban areas
5. Which of the following is NOT a feature of PM SHRI schools?
   a) Smart classrooms
   b) Skill-based education
   c) Exclusive focus on rote learning ✅
   d) Green energy initiatives

Mains (Descriptive) Based Questions:

1. Discuss the objectives and significance of the PM SHRI Scheme. How does it align with NEP 2020?
2. What are the key challenges in implementing the PM SHRI Scheme across states? Suggest measures to overcome them.
3. How does the PM SHRI Scheme contribute to improving digital and vocational education in India?
4. Evaluate the funding structure of PM SHRI. How can financial sustainability be ensured for long-term success?
5. Discuss the role of School Quality Assessment Framework (SQAF) in improving educational outcomes under PM SHRI.

Final Takeaway

• PM SHRI aims to upgrade 14,500 schools as model institutions for NEP 2020.
• Focuses on smart classrooms, skill development, and green initiatives.
• Uses Challenge Mode for school selection & SQAF for monitoring.
• Funding: 60:40 (General States), 90:10 (Himalayan & NE), 100% (UTs without legislature).
• Challenges include state participation issues, funding constraints & implementation hurdles.
• Crucial for India’s education reforms & long-term human resource development.

2. INS Imphal’s Maiden Port Call in Mauritius – Defence & Security

Why in News?

• INS Imphal, an advanced stealth-guided missile destroyer, made its first port call at Port Louis, Mauritius, ahead of the country’s 57th National Day celebrations (March 12, 2024).
• INS Imphal is the first Indian naval warship named after a city in Northeast India.
• The visit strengthens India’s maritime security ties with Mauritius, reflecting India’s Indo-Pacific outreach & SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) initiative.

Key Features of INS Imphal

Advanced Capabilities & Weapon Systems

• Stealth Features – Reduced radar visibility for better survivability.
• BrahMos Supersonic Cruise Missile – Enhanced long-range strike capability.
• 76mm Super Rapid Gun Mount – For precision naval bombardment.
• Torpedo Tube Launchers & Anti-Submarine Rockets – Strengthens anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities.
• Multi-Function Surveillance Radar – For target detection & tracking.
• Total Atmospheric Control System (TACS) – Protection against chemical, biological & nuclear threats.

Strategic Significance of INS Imphal

1. Strengthening India’s Northeast Representation in Defense

• First warship named after a Northeast Indian city, symbolizing national integration.
• Crest Design – Features Kangla Palace & Kangla-Sa, a mythical Manipuri guardian.

2. Boosting India’s Naval Power in the Indo-Pacific

• Enhances the Indian Navy’s blue-water capabilities for long-range maritime security.
• Supports India’s SAGAR Initiative – Strengthens regional security partnerships in the Indian Ocean.

3. Strengthening Indo-Mauritius Defense Ties

• Mauritius is a key maritime partner in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
• India provides naval training, patrol boats & military assistance to Mauritius.
• INS Imphal’s visit reinforces bilateral maritime security cooperation.

India’s Strategic Engagement in the Indian Ocean

Way Forward: Strengthening India’s Maritime Security

• Increase defense collaborations in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
• Expand indigenous naval production for stronger blue-water capabilities.
• Enhance surveillance in the Indo-Pacific to counter strategic threats.
• Continue humanitarian & disaster relief (HADR) operations in the region.

Relevance for Exam

• Security & Defense
  • India’s naval expansion & self-reliance in warship production.
  • Significance of SAGAR Initiative & Indo-Pacific security.
• International Relations
  • India-Mauritius strategic ties & role in IOR defense cooperation.
  • India’s outreach in the Indian Ocean for regional security balance.
• Science & Technology
  • Advancements in naval weapon systems & stealth technology.

Possible Exam Questions (Prelims & Mains)

Prelims (MCQ) Based Questions:

1. INS Imphal belongs to which class of Indian Navy warships?
   a) Kolkata-class
   b) Shivalik-class
   c) Visakhapatnam-class ✅
   d) Kamorta-class
2. Which Indian ship recently made its maiden port call in Mauritius?
   a) INS Kolkata
   b) INS Vikrant
   c) INS Imphal ✅
   d) INS Arihant
3. What is the indigenous content percentage in INS Imphal?
   a) 60%
   b) 75% ✅
   c) 85%
   d) 50%
4. Which Indian initiative focuses on maritime security & cooperation in the Indian Ocean?
   a) Act East Policy
   b) SAGAR Initiative ✅
   c) Indo-Pacific Strategy
   d) QUAD Framework
5. Which defense technology is integrated into INS Imphal for anti-submarine warfare?
   a) BrahMos missile
   b) Torpedo tube launchers & ASW rockets ✅
   c) Air defense radar
   d) Nuclear propulsion system

Mains (Descriptive) Based Questions:

1. Discuss the significance of INS Imphal in strengthening India’s naval capabilities. How does it contribute to maritime security in the Indo-Pacific region?
2. Analyze the role of India in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and its strategic partnerships with countries like Mauritius and Seychelles.
3. Explain the importance of indigenous warship production in India’s defense modernization. How does INS Imphal represent self-reliance in naval technology?
4. Discuss the significance of India’s SAGAR initiative in promoting maritime security and economic cooperation in the Indian Ocean.
5. How does the commissioning of advanced warships like INS Imphal enhance India’s blue-water navy capabilities? Discuss in the context of India’s naval strategy.

Final Takeaway

• INS Imphal is a state-of-the-art stealth-guided missile destroyer under Project 15B.
• First warship named after a Northeast Indian city, symbolizing national integration.
• Strengthens India’s maritime security, Indo-Pacific strategy & Indo-Mauritius relations.
• 75% indigenous content with BrahMos missiles, ASW systems & advanced radar tech.
• Reflects India’s commitment to self-reliance & naval modernization.

3. Miles to Go: On Change in Manipur, the Road to Normalcy – Polity

Why in News?

• The Union government dismissed the N. Biren Singh-led government in Manipur and imposed President’s Rule to restore peace after months of ethnic turmoil.
• The conflict involves the Meitei, Kuki-Zo, and Naga communities, each with distinct demands regarding territorial integrity, security, and autonomy.
• Steps are being taken to recover stolen arms, clear highway blockades, and strengthen security.

Key Stakeholders in the Manipur Ethnic Conflict

Steps Taken by the Union Government

1. Weapon Recovery Drive

• Nearly one-third of the 3,000 missing firearms recovered.
• Deadline set for militant groups to return looted weapons from police armories.

2. Clearing Highway Blockades

• Blockades on highways restricted movement of goods & people.
• Clashes in Kangpokpi district led to casualties while clearing blockades.

3. Strengthening Security

• More paramilitary forces deployed to prevent ethnic clashes.
• Valley & hill regions secured to avoid further violence.

4. Dialogue & Mediation

• Community representatives engaged in peace talks.
• Government rejected separatist demands, urging a united resolution.

5. High-Level Central Involvement

• The Union Home Ministry leads peace talks with key community leaders.
• Emphasis on inclusive governance & stability.

Risks of Granting Union Territory Status to Kuki-Zo Areas

• Deepening Ethnic Divisions – Could worsen tensions and hinder peace efforts.
• Resistance from Nagas & Meiteis – Could lead to more territorial disputes.
• Territorial Integrity Threat – Encourages future separatist movements in the Northeast.

Way Forward: Steps to Restore Stability in Manipur

• Inclusive Dialogue – Mediation between Meitei, Kuki-Zo & Naga groups for mutual understanding.
• Strengthen Law & Order – Disarm militants, secure borders & prevent further clashes.
• Balanced Development Approach – Ensure economic opportunities & infrastructure growth for all communities.
• Rebuild Trust Among Communities – Promote cultural exchange & confidence-building measures.

Relevance for Exam

• Internal Security & Governance
  • Ethnic conflicts & territorial integrity.
  • Role of central forces in restoring law & order.
• Northeast India’s Socio-Political Dynamics
  • Role of ethnic communities in shaping state policies.
  • Impact of autonomy demands on national security.
• Law & Order Administration
  • How governments respond to ethnic crises.
  • President’s Rule & constitutional provisions.

Possible Exam Questions (Prelims & Mains)

Prelims (MCQ) Based Questions:

1. Which of the following communities in Manipur is demanding Union Territory status?
   a) Meitei
   b) Kuki-Zo ✅
   c) Naga
   d) Bodo
2. Which of the following was a key step taken by the Union government to control the Manipur conflict?
   a) Direct military rule
   b) Weapon recovery drive & clearing highway blockades ✅
   c) Granting full autonomy to all communities
   d) Separating Manipur into different states
3. What was one of the primary concerns of the Naga community in Manipur’s ethnic crisis?
   a) Establishing a separate country
   b) Protecting their ancestral lands from territorial changes ✅
   c) Supporting the Kuki-Zo Union Territory demand
   d) Seeking independence from India
4. Which constitutional provision allows for the imposition of President’s Rule in a state?
   a) Article 370
   b) Article 356 ✅
   c) Article 246
   d) Article 124
5. What is the objective of the government’s weapon recovery drive in Manipur?
   a) To distribute weapons to civilians
   b) To retrieve arms stolen from police armories ✅
   c) To increase military presence in the region
   d) To support separatist movements

Mains (Descriptive) Based Questions:

1. Discuss the ethnic dimensions of the Manipur conflict and the role of the Union government in restoring peace.
2. What are the key challenges in resolving the Manipur crisis? Suggest a comprehensive approach for long-term stability.
3. How does ethnic violence impact India’s internal security? Analyze in the context of the recent Manipur conflict.
4. Critically examine the demand for Union Territory status by the Kuki-Zo community. What are its implications for Manipur and Northeast India?
5. Discuss the role of dialogue, governance, and security measures in resolving ethnic conflicts in India, with reference to Manipur.

Final Takeaway

• Manipur conflict involves Meitei, Kuki-Zo & Naga communities with competing demands.
• Union government imposed President’s Rule & initiated security measures.
• Steps taken include weapon recovery, highway clearance & community dialogue.
• Granting Union Territory status to Kuki-Zo areas could worsen ethnic tensions.
• Restoring stability requires inclusive governance, development & trust-building.

4. Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary – Environment

Why in News?

• A wildfire recently affected 50 hectares of Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary in Udaipur, Rajasthan.
• This incident highlights the environmental challenges faced by wildlife sanctuaries in India.
• The sanctuary is an important ecological zone that contributes to biodiversity conservation in the Aravalli range.

Key Features of Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary

Biodiversity in Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary

1. Vegetation

• Deciduous & Semi-Evergreen Forests.
• Key Tree Species:
  • Teak, Mango, Neem, Jamun, Khair, Ber.
• Presence of Bamboo Groves – Enhances wildlife habitat.

2. Wildlife in the Sanctuary

• Mammals:
  • Panthers, Hyenas, Sloth Bears, Wild Boars, Jackals, Sambar Deer, Spotted Deer, Four-Horned Antelopes.
• Bird Species:
  • Peacocks, Partridges, Kingfishers & Eagles.

Environmental Challenges Facing Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary

1. Recent Wildfire Incident

• 50 hectares of forest burned, affecting wildlife and plant ecosystems.
• Possible Causes:
  • Rising temperatures & dry conditions.
  • Human activities like tourism & illegal encroachments.

2. Deforestation & Habitat Loss

• Illegal tree cutting & land encroachments threaten the sanctuary.
• Tourism pressure impacts natural habitats.

3. Water Scarcity & Climate Change

• Erratic rainfall affects water availability for wildlife.
• Shrinking natural water sources threaten animal survival.

Conservation Efforts & Way Forward

• Fire Management Strategies – Deploy fire lines & rapid response teams.
• Afforestation Drives – Restore degraded forest areas.
• Strict Wildlife Protection Laws – Strengthen anti-encroachment & anti-poaching laws.
• Eco-Tourism Management – Regulate human activities to minimize habitat damage.
• Water Conservation Projects – Maintain lakes & artificial waterholes for wildlife.

Relevance for Exam

• Environment & Ecology
  • Wildlife sanctuary conservation & biodiversity protection.
  • Impact of wildfires on forests & wildlife habitats.
• Geography
  • Aravalli ecosystem & its ecological importance.
  • Water conservation & impact of climate change.
• Government Policies & Conservation Initiatives
  • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
  • Eco-sensitive zone management strategies.

Possible Exam Questions (Prelims & Mains)

Prelims (MCQ) Based Questions:

1. Where is Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary located?
   a) Madhya Pradesh
   b) Rajasthan ✅
   c) Himachal Pradesh
   d) Uttarakhand
2. Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary is a part of which mountain range?
   a) Vindhya Range
   b) Western Ghats
   c) Aravalli Hills ✅
   d) Satpura Range
3. Which of the following animals is NOT found in Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary?
   a) Sambar Deer
   b) Hyena
   c) Snow Leopard ✅
   d) Sloth Bear
4. Which historical fort is located near Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary?
   a) Chittorgarh Fort
   b) Amer Fort
   c) Sajjangarh Fort ✅
   d) Mehrangarh Fort
5. What is the primary reason for wildfires in Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary?
   a) Increased monsoon rainfall
   b) Rising temperatures & human activity ✅
   c) Flooding of the Aravalli Hills
   d) Lack of tourism

Mains (Descriptive) Based Questions:

1. Discuss the significance of Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary in biodiversity conservation. What environmental challenges does it face?
2. How do wildfires impact wildlife sanctuaries in India? Suggest effective measures for wildfire prevention & management.
3. Examine the role of protected areas like Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary in maintaining ecological balance. How can eco-tourism be managed sustainably?
4. Explain the importance of the Aravalli ecosystem for Rajasthan’s environment. How does deforestation threaten the region’s biodiversity?
5. What conservation strategies can be implemented to protect wildlife sanctuaries in India from climate change & habitat destruction?

Final Takeaway

• Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary is a vital ecological zone in the Aravalli range.
• Wildfire affected 50 hectares of forest, raising conservation concerns.
• Home to diverse flora & fauna, including panthers, sloth bears & deer species.
• Environmental threats include wildfires, deforestation, & water scarcity.
• Conservation efforts should focus on fire control, afforestation & eco-tourism management.

5. Pakistani Baloch Separatist Militants Behind Train Hijacking – International Relations

Why in News?

• On March 11, 2025, the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) hijacked the Jaffar Express in Bolan district, Balochistan.
• 182 people were taken hostage, 20 Pakistani military officers killed, and a drone was shot down.
• The BLA, designated as a terrorist organization by Pakistan & the US, claimed responsibility.
• Marks a major escalation in the ongoing Baloch separatist insurgency.

Background of the Baloch Insurgency

BLA’s Structure & Recent Activities

Recent Major Attacks by BLA

• 2022 Karachi University Attack – A BLA female suicide bomber killed 3 Chinese nationals.
• 2023 Gwadar Port Attack – Targeted CPEC-related Chinese infrastructure.
• 2024 Multiple Attacks on Pakistani Military – Demonstrating increasing capabilities.

Key Issues Behind the Baloch Separatist Movement

1. Economic Exploitation

• Balochistan is Pakistan’s most resource-rich but poorest province.
• Local population claims Punjab-dominated government exploits their resources.
• Gas fields in Sui supply energy to Pakistan, but Baloch areas remain underdeveloped.

2. Human Rights Violations

• Thousands of Baloch activists have been abducted or killed by Pakistani security forces.
• Disappearances & military crackdowns fuel insurgent recruitment.

3. Role of CPEC in Escalating Conflict

• China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is seen as exploitative.
• Gwadar Port, crucial for China’s Belt & Road Initiative (BRI), has been repeatedly attacked.
• China’s increasing presence is resented by local Baloch people.

4. Alleged Foreign Involvement

• Pakistan accuses India of supporting Baloch militants, citing Kulbhushan Jadhav’s case.
• India denies involvement, claiming it supports human rights in Balochistan.

Implications of the Baloch Insurgency

1. Security Challenges for Pakistan

• Pakistan’s military is stretched thin due to multiple insurgencies (Balochistan, TTP in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa).
• Frequent attacks disrupt economic projects & weaken internal stability.

2. Risk to China’s Interests (CPEC & Gwadar Port)

• Repeated BLA attacks threaten China’s multi-billion dollar investments.
• China-Pakistan relations face pressure due to security concerns.

3. Impact on India-Pakistan Relations

• Pakistan’s claims of Indian involvement could escalate tensions.
• India’s stance on Baloch human rights may be used in diplomatic engagements.

Way Forward for Regional Stability

• Political Solutions – Address Baloch grievances through economic & political reforms.
• Security Improvements – Strengthen military response but avoid human rights violations.
• China’s Role – Ensure local participation in CPEC projects to reduce resentment.
• International Diplomacy – Pakistan must engage with Baloch leaders for dialogue instead of military suppression.

Relevance for Exam

• International Relations & Security
  • Balochistan’s strategic location & its impact on India-Pakistan-China relations.
  • CPEC & its geopolitical significance for South Asia.
• Terrorism & Insurgency
  • Pakistan’s internal security challenges & militant groups.
  • India’s position on regional separatist movements.
• Economic Impact of Separatist Movements
  • CPEC, Baloch resources & economic inequality.
  • China’s role in Pakistan’s security concerns.

Possible Exam Questions (Prelims & Mains)

Prelims (MCQ) Based Questions:

1. Which militant group was responsible for the hijacking of Jaffar Express in March 2025?
   a) Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)
   b) Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) ✅
   c) Lashkar-e-Taiba
   d) Islamic State Khorasan
2. Balochistan is rich in which of the following natural resources?
   a) Coal & Gas
   b) Copper & Gold
   c) Uranium & Oil
   d) All of the above ✅
3. Why is China interested in Balochistan?
   a) To expand its nuclear program
   b) To counter India’s economic influence
   c) Due to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) & Gwadar Port ✅
   d) For its military bases
4. Which of the following is a major separatist organization in Balochistan?
   a) United Baloch Army
   b) Balochistan Liberation Army
   c) Baloch Republican Army
   d) All of the above ✅
5. What is the primary reason for the Balochistan insurgency?
   a) Demand for integration with Afghanistan
   b) Perceived economic exploitation & lack of political representation ✅
   c) Ethnic clashes with Sindh province
   d) Influence of Western countries

Mains (Descriptive) Based Questions:

1. Discuss the Balochistan conflict in Pakistan and its implications on regional security.
2. How does the Baloch insurgency impact the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)?
3. Analyze the role of foreign involvement in the Baloch separatist movement.
4. Explain the challenges faced by Pakistan in managing separatist movements like BLA.
5. What are the possible solutions to resolve the Balochistan insurgency? Suggest a balanced approach.

Final Takeaway

• BLA hijacked Jaffar Express, marking a major escalation in the Baloch separatist insurgency.
• Balochistan is resource-rich but underdeveloped, fueling resentment & militancy.
• Repeated attacks threaten Pakistan’s security & China’s CPEC investments.
• Pakistan accuses India of involvement, worsening Indo-Pak relations.
• A political solution, economic development, & security balance are crucial for stability.