1. The Issue with Delimitation’s Population-Based Process – Polity & Governance
Why in News?
India is approaching the 2026 deadline to lift the freeze on the delimitation of Lok Sabha and State Assembly seats, which was imposed by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976). This has triggered nationwide debates about the fairness of population-based representation, especially as states that successfully controlled population growth (like Kerala and Tamil Nadu) may be penalized, while high-growth states may gain greater political power.
The issue has gained further prominence due to:
- Reports that the Law Commission is examining the post-2026 delimitation strategy.
- Concerns voiced by southern states over the possible dilution of their political representation.
- Widespread media and academic coverage labeling it as a potential political restructuring of historic scale.
Key Takeaways
| Aspect | Insight |
|---|---|
| Delimitation | Redrawing of constituency boundaries based on census data to ensure equal representation. |
| Trigger for Debate | Upcoming 2026 Census-based delimitation, ending the freeze imposed since 1976. |
| Core Concern | States with high population growth (e.g., UP, Bihar) may gain more seats, while those with controlled populations may lose representation. |
| Federal Impact | Could widen the north-south divide and affect the principle of cooperative federalism. |
| Need for Reform | Calls for a nuanced method using metrics like Total Fertility Rate (TFR) or introducing a population deflator for fairer representation. |
Constitutional and Legal Framework
- Article 82: Provides for readjustment of Lok Sabha seats after each Census.
- Article 170: Mandates similar readjustment for State Legislative Assemblies.
- 42nd Amendment Act (1976): Froze the total number of seats till the first census after 2000 (i.e., 2001).
- 84th Amendment Act (2001): Extended the freeze on delimitation until the first census after 2026.
- Objective of the Freeze: To not penalize states that implemented family planning policies effectively.
Historical Context and Data
- In 1951: 489 Lok Sabha seats, average population per MP: ~7.3 lakh.
- In 2024: 543 seats, average population per MP: ~27 lakh.
- UP’s population: ~24 crore (2025) — could demand a much larger share of seats post-delimitation.
- Kerala’s TFR: ~1.8; UP’s TFR: ~2.7 – showing demographic disparity.
Implications for Federalism and Democracy
- Democratic Representation: Risk of disproportionate influence by populous states.
- Governance Incentives: Could disincentivize population control if seat allocations are based purely on size.
- Resource Distribution: Representation affects devolution of central funds and policy influence.
Proposed Alternatives
| Option | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Population Deflator | Adjust seat share by factoring in TFR or population growth rate. |
| Weighted Representation | Mix of population size and performance metrics like literacy, health, governance. |
| Strengthening Local Bodies | Instead of increasing MPs, empower Panchayats and Urban Local Bodies. |
Conclusion
The upcoming post-2026 delimitation will reshape the political landscape of India. While population remains a crucial basis for representation, an equity-based approach balancing governance performance and demographic responsibility is essential to protect the spirit of cooperative federalism and constitutional fairness.
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims:
- Which of the following Constitutional Amendments extended the freeze on the delimitation of constituencies till after the 2026 Census? a) 42nd Amendment
b) 44th Amendment
c) 84th Amendment
d) 86th Amendment
Answer: c) 84th Amendment
- Consider the following statements:
- Article 170 deals with the delimitation of Lok Sabha constituencies.The Delimitation Commission is a constitutional body.The number of Lok Sabha seats has remained constant since the 1971 census.
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: c) 3 only
(Explanation: Article 170 deals with State Assemblies; Delimitation Commission is a statutory, not constitutional body.)
Mains:
Q. “A purely population-based delimitation process risks undermining the principles of cooperative federalism.” In light of the 2026 delimitation deadline, critically examine the need for an equity-based seat allocation formula.
2. Are Existing Mechanisms Effective in Combating Judicial Corruption? – Polity
Why in News?
A large stash of unaccounted cash was recently found at the official residence of former Delhi High Court judge Yashwant Varma. In response, Chief Justice of India (CJI) Sanjiv Khanna ordered an internal inquiry, renewing debate over judicial accountability and the effectiveness of mechanisms to address corruption within the judiciary.
Key Takeaways
| Issue | Observation |
|---|---|
| Impeachment as a Disciplinary Tool | Rare, cumbersome, politically driven – not a practical deterrent. |
| Transparency in Internal Inquiries | Often lacking; undermines public confidence and fuels speculation. |
| Judicial Appointments | Lack of transparency; executive input can create a ‘pocket veto’ situation. |
| Peer Review Systems | Currently informal and unstructured; lacks institutional strength. |
| Public & Media Scrutiny | Plays a role, but must balance reform with respect for judicial independence. |
Detailed Analysis
1️⃣ Limitations of the Impeachment Mechanism
- Constitutional Provision: Articles 124(4) and 217(1)(b) lay down grounds for removal (proved misbehavior or incapacity).
- Two-Thirds Rule: Requires 2/3 majority in both Houses of Parliament.
- Track Record: No judge has ever been successfully impeached.
- Examples:
- Justice V. Ramaswami (1993): Faced impeachment motion but escaped removal due to political abstention.
- Justice Soumitra Sen (2011): Resigned before Lok Sabha vote.
Conclusion: Too slow, rare, and ineffective for immediate action or systemic deterrence.
2️⃣ Need for Transparent Judicial Inquiries
- Current Practice: Internal inquiries are held in-camera; results rarely disclosed.
- Concerns:
- Public perception of judges protecting their own.
- Fuel for media speculation and misinformation.
- Suggestions:
- Publish redacted versions of inquiry reports.
- Provide regular updates to maintain public trust.
3️⃣ Judicial Appointments: The Collegium vs Executive
- Collegium System: Judges appoint judges – lacks transparency.
- Informal Executive Role:
- Inputs from Intelligence Bureau (IB) shared with Collegium.
- No statutory requirement to disclose reasons for withholding names.
- Concerns:
- Risk of veto power being misused by the executive.
- Deters independent-minded or reform-oriented candidates.
4️⃣ Strengthening Peer Review and Institutional Vigilance
- Currently based on informal consultations.
- Recommendations:
- Create formal peer review bodies within judiciary.
- Include bar associations in periodic evaluation.
- Set up judicial ombudsman or ethics committees.
- Whistleblower mechanisms to report judicial misconduct safely.
5️⃣ Media and Public Accountability
- Media plays a vital role in exposing misconduct.
- Balance needed between criticism and respect for judiciary’s independence.
- Constructive scrutiny must be:
- Fact-based, not speculative.
- Aimed at reform, not vilification.
Prelims Pointers
| Fact | Details |
|---|---|
| Articles 124(4) & 217(1)(b) | Govern removal of SC and HC judges. |
| In-House Procedure | Laid down by SC in 1997 for internal complaints handling – non-statutory. |
| Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 | Provides the procedure for impeachment. |
| NJAC Act, 2014 | Struck down as unconstitutional in 2015. |
| Collegium System | Evolved through Three Judges Cases, not mentioned in Constitution. |
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims:
1. Which of the following Articles of the Constitution of India govern the removal of judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts?
A. Article 110 and 120
B. Article 124(4) and Article 217(1)(b)
C. Article 148 and 149
D. Article 142 and 227
Answer: B. Article 124(4) and Article 217(1)(b)
Explanation:
- Article 124(4) governs the procedure for removal of a Supreme Court judge.
- Article 217(1)(b) pertains to the removal of a High Court judge.
2. The ‘In-House Procedure’ related to the judiciary in India is:
A. A constitutional method for impeachment of a judge
B. A process to appoint judges to constitutional posts
C. A non-statutory internal mechanism for probing judicial misconduct
D. A parliamentary procedure for judicial inquiries
Answer: C. A non-statutory internal mechanism for probing judicial misconduct
Explanation:
- The ‘In-House Procedure’ was evolved by the Supreme Court in 1997 and is a non-statutory internal process to address complaints of misconduct against judges.
3. The NJAC Act, which was struck down by the Supreme Court in 2015, was primarily related to:
A. Reforms in election funding
B. Appointments to Election Commission
C. Appointments of judges to higher judiciary
D. Police reforms
Answer: C. Appointments of judges to higher judiciary
Explanation:
- The National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) was created by a constitutional amendment to replace the collegium system, but the SC struck it down citing threat to judicial independence.
4. Consider the following statements:
- No judge has ever been impeached in India.
- The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 lays down the procedure for removal of judges.
- The Constitution explicitly provides for the collegium system.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A. 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct: No judge has been impeached despite several attempts.
- Statement 2 is correct: The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 provides the framework for the investigation and impeachment process.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: The collegium system is not in the Constitution, it evolved through Supreme Court judgments (Three Judges Cases).
5. The “Three Judges Cases” are associated with:
A. Separation of powers between judiciary and executive
B. Evolution of the collegium system for judicial appointments
C. Reservation in higher judiciary
D. Impeachment proceedings of judges
Answer: B. Evolution of the collegium system for judicial appointments
Explanation:
- The Three Judges Cases laid down the foundation for the collegium system, where judges appoint judges in the higher judiciary.
Mains:
Q. The independence of the judiciary must be balanced with accountability. Critically examine the adequacy of existing mechanisms to deal with judicial corruption in India. Suggest reforms to improve transparency and public confidence.
Way Forward
| Reform Area | Suggested Action |
|---|---|
| Appointment Process | Codify the collegium system through legislation for transparency. |
| Oversight Mechanism | Establish an Independent Judicial Oversight Commission with retired judges, senior advocates, and civil society members. |
| Transparency | Mandate publication of inquiry outcomes (with safeguards for reputation and privacy). |
| Peer Review | Institutionalize periodic reviews with bar participation. |
| Whistleblower Protection | Legal safeguards for insiders to report unethical behavior. |
| Public Engagement | Educate citizens about legitimate criticism and judicial ethics. |
3. INS Varsha Naval Base – Security Issues – Defence & Security
Why in News?
India is set to operationalize the INS Varsha naval base by 2026, near Rambilli, Andhra Pradesh, as a dedicated facility for nuclear-powered submarines. The base will be a critical element in bolstering India’s strategic maritime deterrence, especially in the Eastern Seaboard amid growing Chinese activity in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
Key Takeaways
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Purpose | To host India’s nuclear-powered submarines – both SSBNs (ballistic missile) and SSNs (attack). |
| Location | Rambilli, ~50 km south of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, under Eastern Naval Command. |
| Area | ~20 sq. km with future expansion plans. |
| Design | Includes underground submarine pens, tunnels, and stealth entry/exit points. |
| Stealth Capability | Comparable to China’s Hainan Island base, reducing satellite detection. |
| Part of | Project Varsha – a strategic and classified military infrastructure initiative. |
Strategic Significance
| Factor | Strategic Relevance |
|---|---|
| Nuclear Deterrence | INS Varsha supports Arihant-class SSBNs, enabling India’s second-strike capability under its nuclear doctrine. |
| Eastern Naval Command | Complements Visakhapatnam base, decongesting facilities and focusing exclusively on nuclear operations. |
| Proximity to Bay of Bengal | Offers a strategic edge for patrols and monitoring Chinese influence in Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Malacca Strait. |
| Submarine vs Satellite | Underground pens allow submarines to deploy undetected, crucial in submarine-based deterrence. |
Project Varsha – What You Should Know
| Parameter | Insight |
|---|---|
| Initiated | Post-2009, in response to China’s growing naval presence. |
| Objective | Create a dedicated nuclear submarine base on the east coast to support India’s SSBN fleet. |
| Supporting Infrastructure | Includes satellite surveillance protection, specialized command-and-control facilities, and bunkered fuel and ammunition depots. |
| Civilian Collaboration | Developed by DRDO, BARC, and Navy jointly. May involve private sector in support services. |
Security Concerns and Challenges
| Concern | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Cybersecurity | Nuclear submarine bases are high-value targets for cyberespionage. Need for hardened digital infrastructure. |
| Espionage Risk | Presence of nuclear assets increases vulnerability to satellite, human, and signal intelligence (SIGINT). |
| Environmental Impact | Large-scale excavation, river diversion, and underground construction can affect local ecology near Sarada and Varaha rivers. |
| Infrastructure Pressure | Delay in completion due to terrain complexity, technical demands of building underground submarine pens. |
| Budget Overruns | Classified budgetary planning often faces funding delays and lack of civilian oversight. |
Comparative Example: China’s Yulin Naval Base (Hainan Island)
- Underground submarine base for Type 094 Jin-class SSBNs.
- Highly fortified, with underground access to South China Sea.
- Monitored regularly by US satellites and naval surveillance.
INS Varsha is India’s response, aiming for parity in undersea stealth and strategic deterrence.
Prelims Pointers
| Fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| INS Varsha Location | Near Rambilli, Andhra Pradesh |
| Associated Project | Project Varsha |
| Primary Use | Housing SSBNs and SSNs |
| India’s SSBN Class | Arihant class (nuclear ballistic missile submarines) |
| Developing Agencies | Indian Navy, DRDO, BARC |
| Comparable Chinese Base | Hainan Island (Yulin Naval Base) |
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims:
1. INS Varsha, recently seen in the news, is primarily associated with which of the following?
A. India’s space-based surveillance program
B. India’s first amphibious aircraft carrier
C. A nuclear submarine base under the Eastern Naval Command
D. A cyber warfare center for tri-services
Answer: C. A nuclear submarine base under the Eastern Naval Command
Explanation:
INS Varsha is a strategic naval base being developed near Rambilli, Andhra Pradesh, specifically to host India’s nuclear-powered submarines (SSBNs and SSNs).
2. INS Varsha is located near which of the following rivers?
A. Godavari and Krishna
B. Sarada and Varaha
C. Ganga and Yamuna
D. Cauvery and Bhavani
Answer: B. Sarada and Varaha
Explanation:
The base is located at the confluence of the Sarada and Varaha rivers, approximately 50 km south of Visakhapatnam.
3. Which of the following statements about INS Varsha is/are correct?
- It will serve as a dedicated base for India’s aircraft carriers.
- It is being developed as part of Project Varsha.
- It is designed to include underground submarine pens for stealth operations.
Select the correct answer using the code below:
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B. 2 and 3 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is incorrect – INS Varsha is meant for nuclear-powered submarines, not aircraft carriers.
- Statements 2 and 3 are correct – It is part of Project Varsha, and includes underground pens for stealth.
4. What is the strategic significance of INS Varsha?
A. Enhances India’s air superiority in Ladakh
B. Supports India’s sea-based nuclear deterrence
C. Serves as a regional hub for humanitarian missions in the Bay of Bengal
D. Hosts India’s anti-satellite weapons program
Answer: B. Supports India’s sea-based nuclear deterrence
Explanation:
INS Varsha is intended to support India’s SSBN fleet, thereby playing a crucial role in India’s second-strike capability and nuclear deterrence.
5. The Arihant-class submarines of the Indian Navy are:
A. Diesel-electric attack submarines
B. Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs)
C. Conventional stealth submarines built with French assistance
D. Aircraft-launch platforms for hypersonic drones
Answer: B. Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs)
Explanation:
The Arihant-class is India’s indigenous SSBN program under the nuclear triad to provide a credible second-strike capability.
Bonus Fact for Prelims:
- INS Varsha is often compared with China’s Yulin Naval Base on Hainan Island, which also houses its Jin-class SSBNs in fortified underground pens.
Mains:
Q. “India’s maritime deterrence strategy requires stealth, infrastructure, and strategic depth.” Examine the role of INS Varsha naval base in enhancing India’s naval capabilities and securing its eastern seaboard.
Conclusion
INS Varsha is not just a naval base—it is a strategic infrastructure that reflects India’s evolving defence doctrine in the Indo-Pacific. With rising Chinese assertiveness and underwater threats in the IOR, the operationalization of INS Varsha marks a critical step in India’s vision for a credible, survivable, and second-strike nuclear capability, ensuring maritime dominance and regional security.
4. 150th Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) – International Relations
Why in News?
On April 8, 2025, Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla addressed the 150th Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, emphasizing the role of parliaments in promoting peace, democracy, and inclusive development. This global gathering underlines India’s commitment to parliamentary diplomacy and international cooperation.
Key Takeaways
| Aspect | Description |
|---|---|
| Event | 150th IPU Assembly |
| Date & Location | April 2025, Tashkent, Uzbekistan |
| India’s Representative | Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla |
| Theme | Role of parliaments in social justice, development, and global peace |
| India’s Position | Advocated for democratic reforms, equitable global order, and Global South representation in decision-making |
About the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
| Parameter | Details |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1889 |
| Founders | William Randal Cremer and Frédéric Passy (Both Nobel Peace Laureates – 1903 & 1901 respectively) |
| Headquarters | Geneva, Switzerland |
| Motto | “For democracy. For everyone.” |
| Membership | 181 national parliaments + 15 associate members (regional parliamentary bodies) |
| Nature | First multilateral political organisation focused on promoting peace via parliamentary diplomacy |
Functions & Significance of the IPU
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Parliamentary Dialogue | Provides a neutral forum for global parliamentary diplomacy. |
| Democracy Promotion | Supports inclusive, gender-balanced, diverse, and resilient parliaments. |
| Human Rights | Operates the Committee on the Human Rights of Parliamentarians to protect MPs globally. |
| Global Governance Participation | Works with the UN, WTO, and other bodies to advance the 2030 SDG Agenda. |
| Peace Advocacy | Historical involvement in establishing the League of Nations (1919) and Permanent Court of Arbitration (1899). |
India & the IPU
| Parameter | Details |
|---|---|
| Indian Membership | India is a founding member (1949). Represented by the Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG). |
| IPG President | Speaker of Lok Sabha (ex-officio) |
| IPG Vice Presidents | Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha and Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha |
| India’s Role | India actively contributes on issues like climate change, gender equity, global peace, SDGs, South-South cooperation |
| Recent Contributions | Support for UN reforms, Global South voice, women’s political representation, and technology-driven governance |
IPU’s Role in India’s Soft Power & Diplomacy
| Impact Area | How It Helps India |
|---|---|
| Soft Power Projection | Showcases Indian democracy and parliamentary traditions. |
| Global Leadership | Advocates reforms in international institutions like the UNSC, aligned with India’s aspirations. |
| Democracy Building | Promotes India as a model for multi-party, federal, and inclusive democracy. |
| Human Rights Advocacy | Supports democratic transitions in developing countries and defends democratic institutions. |
Prelims Pointers
| Fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| IPU Headquarters | Geneva, Switzerland |
| IPU Founded | 1889 |
| IPU Founders | William Randal Cremer & Frédéric Passy |
| India’s Representation | Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG), Speaker of Lok Sabha |
| Motto | “For democracy. For everyone.” |
| Associated UN Body | Consultative status with UN ECOSOC |
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims:
1. The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), recently seen in the news, is headquartered in:
A. Vienna, Austria
B. New York, USA
C. Geneva, Switzerland
D. Paris, France
Answer: C. Geneva, Switzerland
Explanation:
The IPU is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and works to promote peace and democracy through inter-parliamentary dialogue.
2. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
| Term | Description |
|---|---|
| 1. IPU Motto | “For democracy. For everyone.” |
| 2. Founders of IPU | William Randal Cremer and Frédéric Passy |
| 3. India’s Representation at IPU | Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG) |
Select the correct code:
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1, 2 and 3
D. 1 only
Answer: C. 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
All three statements are correct. The IPU’s motto, founders, and India’s representation through IPG are well-established facts.
3. Consider the following statements about the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU):
- It was established after the formation of the United Nations.
- It played a role in the creation of the League of Nations and the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
- It has consultative status with the UN ECOSOC.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B. 2 and 3 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is incorrect – The IPU was founded in 1889, much before the United Nations.
- Statements 2 and 3 are correct – The IPU influenced early global governance and has UN ECOSOC consultative status.
4. Which of the following best explains the objective of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)?
A. To regulate global trade through parliamentary consensus.
B. To promote peace and democracy through dialogue among national parliaments.
C. To coordinate the activities of global civil society organizations.
D. To enforce international law through national courts.
Answer: B. To promote peace and democracy through dialogue among national parliaments.
Explanation:
The IPU promotes parliamentary dialogue, peace, gender equality, and inclusive development worldwide.
5. With reference to India’s participation in the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), consider the following statements:
- India is a founding member of the IPU.
- The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the ex-officio President of the Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG).
- The IPU’s membership includes only Commonwealth countries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A. 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
- Statement 3 is incorrect – IPU is a global body and is not restricted to Commonwealth nations.
- Statements 1 and 2 are correct – India is a founding member and Speaker of Lok Sabha leads the IPG.
Mains:
Q. “Parliamentary diplomacy has emerged as a key pillar of India’s foreign policy in a multipolar world.” In the context of India’s engagement with the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), critically examine the role of legislative forums in promoting global governance and development.
(250 words)
Conclusion
The 150th IPU Assembly reaffirms the centrality of democratic institutions in global problem-solving. India’s active participation reflects its growing stature as a democratic voice of the Global South and a leader in shaping inclusive global governance. The IPU continues to play a vital role in fostering peace, justice, and democratic cooperation worldwide.
5. Jyotiba Phule: Pioneer of India’s Social Awakening – History & Culture
Why in News?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tributes to Jyotiba Phule on his birth anniversary on April 11, reigniting focus on his contribution to social reform, education, and caste equity in 19th-century India.
Key Contributions and Ideas
| Domain | Contributions |
|---|---|
| Social Justice | First prominent voice against Brahminical dominance, caste hierarchy, and untouchability. |
| Women’s Rights | Championed education for girls, widow remarriage, and opposed sati, polygamy, and child marriage. |
| Dalit Upliftment | Worked for Sudras and Atishudras, advocating for their education, representation, and land rights. |
| Education | Opened India’s first school for girls in Pune (1848) with his wife Savitribai Phule. |
| Religious Critique | Advocated rationalism and denounced religious dogma that promoted social inequality. |
| Economic Justice | Opposed excessive land revenue, demanded state support for farmers, and civil use of standing armies for irrigation and public works. |
Early Life & Inspirations
- Born in 1827 in Pune, Maharashtra, into the Mali (gardener) caste, which was considered lower in the social hierarchy.
- Personal experience of caste humiliation at a Brahmin wedding triggered his lifelong resolve to fight caste discrimination.
- Deeply influenced by Rousseau, Thomas Paine, and the American abolitionist movement.
Satyashodhak Samaj (1873)
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Name Meaning | “Society of Truth Seekers” |
| Objective | Social equality, no Brahmin mediation in rituals, ending caste-based discrimination |
| Members | Attracted non-Brahmins, women, Shudras, Atishudras |
| Impact | Alternative to Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj, which he saw as elitist |
Literary Works
| Work | Significance |
|---|---|
| Gulamgiri (Slavery) – 1873 | Compared the condition of lower castes in India to African slaves in America |
| Shetkaryacha Aasud (Cultivator’s Whipcord) – 1881 | Critiqued exploitative colonial agrarian policies and advocated land reforms |
| Sarvajanik Satya Dharma | Advocated a universal religion based on truth and equality |
Collaboration with Savitribai Phule
- Savitribai Phule was India’s first woman teacher, trained by Jyotiba himself.
- Together, they opened multiple girls’ schools, shelters for pregnant widows, and fought gender bias.
- They adopted a child from a Brahmin widow, showcasing social reform through example.
Agricultural and Economic Thought
- Suggested that soldiers should be employed in civil works during peacetime.
- Demanded that cultivators be given ownership of their lands and relief from oppressive taxes.
Prelims Pointers
| Fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| Year of Birth | 1827 |
| First Girls’ School | 1848, Pune |
| Wife | Savitribai Phule |
| Key Organization | Satyashodhak Samaj (1873) |
| Famous Work | Gulamgiri (Slavery) |
| Related Reformers | Influenced later leaders like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar |
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims:
1. Jyotiba Phule and Savitribai Phule jointly established India’s first school for girls in which city?
A. Mumbai
B. Pune
C. Nagpur
D. Nashik
Answer: B. Pune
Explanation:
The first girls’ school in India was established by Jyotiba and Savitribai Phule in Pune in 1848.
2. Which of the following organizations was founded by Jyotiba Phule in 1873?
A. Arya Samaj
B. Satyashodhak Samaj
C. Theosophical Society
D. Prarthana Samaj
Answer: B. Satyashodhak Samaj
Explanation:
Satyashodhak Samaj, meaning “Truth Seekers’ Society,” was founded to promote social equality and challenge Brahmanical dominance.
3. Match the following works of Jyotiba Phule with their themes:
| Work | Theme |
|---|---|
| A. Gulamgiri | 1. Critique of land policies and peasant exploitation |
| B. Shetkaryacha Aasud | 2. Comparison of caste oppression with American slavery |
| C. Sarvajanik Satya Dharma | 3. Concept of a universal religion based on equality |
Select the correct code:
A. A–2, B–1, C–3
B. A–1, B–3, C–2
C. A–3, B–2, C–1
D. A–2, B–3, C–1
Answer: A. A–2, B–1, C–3
Explanation:
- Gulamgiri (Slavery): Compares caste oppression to American slavery.
- Shetkaryacha Aasud: Focuses on colonial agrarian oppression.
- Sarvajanik Satya Dharma: Proposes a universal, rational religion.
4. Which of the following reformers were contemporaries of Jyotiba Phule?
- Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- Swami Dayanand Saraswati
- Savitribai Phule
- Gopal Krishna Gokhale
A. 1, 2 and 3
B. 2, 3 and 4
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 3 and 4 only
Answer: A. 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
- Raja Ram Mohan Roy died in 1833 but overlapped slightly.
- Swami Dayanand and Savitribai were more contemporary.
- Gokhale was born later (1866).
Mains:
Q. Jyotiba Phule’s ideas on caste, gender, and education laid the groundwork for India’s modern social reform movements. Critically examine the relevance of his legacy in contemporary India. (250 words)
Relevance for HAS / UPSC
- GS Paper I (Modern History): 19th-century reformers & their impact
- GS Paper II (Polity & Society): Social justice, marginalized communities, gender issues
- Essay / Ethics Paper: Equality, constitutional morality, leadership in public life
Conclusion
Jyotiba Phule was a visionary far ahead of his time. His legacy continues to shape India’s discourse on equity, education, caste justice, and gender empowerment. His rationalist philosophy, grassroots activism, and inclusive vision are deeply relevant to India’s socio-political challenges today.
6. Drop the Piecemeal Ways to Social Security for Workers – Governance
Why in News?
India is gradually recognizing gig and platform workers (e.g., cab drivers, delivery agents, freelancers) as a distinct labor force requiring formal social protection. Recent government initiatives, such as Ayushman Bharat coverage, eShram registration, and a transaction-based pension model, signal this shift. However, the approach remains piecemeal and structurally weak, raising concerns about exclusion and fragmentation in India’s social security framework.
Key Takeaways
| Concern | Insight |
|---|---|
| Gig Workers Recognized | Policies now acknowledge app-based workers outside traditional employer-employee models. |
| Universal Account Number Proposal | Aimed to track earnings across platforms—critical for designing benefit schemes. |
| Piecemeal Reform | Fragmented schemes for different worker types reinforce exclusion and inefficiency. |
| Need for Structural Reform | Current approach lacks universalism, enforceability, and portability. |
| Opportunity Ahead | The Social Security Code (2020), if restructured and implemented uniformly, could serve as a robust foundation. |
Structural Issues in India’s Social Protection Architecture
| Problem Area | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Lack of International Commitment | India has not ratified ILO Convention 102 (Social Security Minimum Standards, 1952). |
| Welfare Board Inefficiencies | Many boards are underfunded or suffer from under-utilization of funds, lack of worker awareness, and delayed benefits. |
| Classification Over Need | Workers are segmented by sector (construction, gig, domestic, etc.), rather than receiving need-based protection. |
| Fragmentation of Policies | Different ministries and portals (eShram, Ayushman Bharat, PM-SYM) create administrative confusion. |
| Focus on Formalisation | Benefits are often linked to registration or identity, leaving out invisible informal workers. |
Recent Government Initiatives
| Initiative | Description |
|---|---|
| eShram Portal | Database for unorganized workers, assigning a Universal Account Number. |
| Ayushman Bharat (AB-PMJAY) | Pilot proposals to extend health insurance to gig workers. |
| NPS-lite / Transaction-based Pension | Idea of contributing a portion of each transaction or ride fare to a pension pool for gig workers. |
| Social Security Code (2020) | Consolidates multiple labor laws; mentions gig and platform workers under a separate category—but rules still underdeveloped. |
Prelims Pointers
| Fact | Details |
|---|---|
| eShram Portal | Launched in 2021 under Ministry of Labour & Employment |
| ILO Convention 102 (1952) | India has not ratified it (Minimum Standards of Social Security) |
| Social Security Code | Enacted in 2020, part of 4-labor code reform initiative |
| Gig Workers in India | Estimated at 7.7 million in 2023, projected to grow to 23.5 million by 2030 (NITI Aayog) |
Challenges in Current System
- Non-portability of benefits across states or jobs.
- Under-reporting of gig and informal work, leading to exclusion.
- Overdependence on digital literacy and self-registration.
- Absence of employer contributions or clear financing models for unorganized worker schemes.
Way Forward: A Universal and Integrated Approach
| Recommendation | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Universal Social Protection | Every worker—regardless of sector—should be covered. Avoid classification-based exclusion. |
| Formalization of Informality | Create incentives for registration, but ensure benefits are not conditional on registration. |
| State-level Innovations | States like Rajasthan have proposed minimum income guarantees; others can experiment with cash transfers, insurance bundling, etc. |
| Involvement of Platforms | Platforms (e.g., Zomato, Uber) must be made to contribute to social security pools. |
| Strengthen Code Implementation | Develop rules, grievance redressal mechanisms, and integrate databases across portals. |
Exam Connect – Possible Questions
Prelims:
1. The eShram portal, launched by the Government of India, is primarily aimed at:
A. Registration of migrant workers for ration distribution
B. Tracking the attendance of rural school teachers
C. Creating a national database of unorganized sector workers
D. Providing pension to government retirees
Answer: C. Creating a national database of unorganized sector workers
Explanation:
Launched in 2021, the eShram portal provides a Universal Account Number to unorganized workers.
2. Which of the following conventions has India not ratified as of 2024?
A. ILO Convention 87 (Freedom of Association)
B. ILO Convention 102 (Social Security – Minimum Standards)
C. ILO Convention 100 (Equal Remuneration)
D. ILO Convention 138 (Minimum Age for Employment)
Answer: B. ILO Convention 102
Explanation:
India has not ratified Convention 102, which mandates comprehensive social protection standards.
3. Which of the following are provisions under the Social Security Code, 2020?
- Recognition of gig and platform workers
- Universal health coverage for all registered workers
- Creation of a social security fund for unorganized workers
- Mandatory maternity benefits for all gig workers
A. 1, 2 and 3 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 1, 3 and 4 only
D. All of the above
Answer: B. 1 and 3 only
Explanation:
The Social Security Code recognizes gig/platform workers and provides for a social security fund. Universal health coverage and maternity benefits for all gig workers are not mandatory provisions.
4. Which ministry is responsible for the implementation of the eShram portal?
A. Ministry of Electronics and IT
B. Ministry of Skill Development
C. Ministry of Labour and Employment
D. Ministry of Social Justice
Answer: C. Ministry of Labour and Employment
Explanation:
The Ministry of Labour & Employment oversees the eShram portal as part of informal worker welfare efforts.
Mains:
Q. “India’s social security system continues to exclude large segments of its informal and gig workforce due to its fragmented and piecemeal approach.” In this context, evaluate the significance of the Social Security Code and suggest a way forward. (250 words)
Conclusion
India stands at a crossroads where its labor force is rapidly shifting—from formal to informal, from permanent jobs to gig-based tasks. The piecemeal approach to social security may offer political mileage, but fails to address structural inequality. A universal, inclusive, and enforceable framework is crucial to protect the future of work and secure the lives of millions of informal workers.