#1. Arrange the following layers of the Earth from the surface to the centre:(1) Crust(2) Outer core(3) Inner core(4) Mantle

(1), (4), (3), (2)

(2), (4), (3), (1)

(4), (2), (3), (1)

(1), (4), (2), (3)

#2. Match List I with List II:List I (Discontinuity)List II (Lies between)(a) Conrad(i) Mantle and outer core(b) Moho(ii) Crust and mantle(c) Gutenberg(iii) Upper and lower crust(d) Lehmann(iv) Outer and inner core

a–iii b–ii c–i d–iv

a–iv b–ii c–i d–iii

a–i b–ii c–iv d–iii

a–i b–iii c–ii d–iv

#3. Arrange the following in descending order of their share of the Earth's volume:(1) Mantle(2) Crust(3) Core

(1), (2), (3)

(3), (2), (1)

(2), (1), (3)

(1), (3), (2)

#4. Arrange the following elements of the Earth's crust in descending order of abundance:(1) Oxygen(2) Silicon(3) Aluminium(4) Iron

(1), (2), (4), (3)

(2), (1), (3), (4)

(1), (2), (3), (4)

(4), (1), (3), (2)

#5. Consider the following statements about seismic waves:1. P-waves can travel through solids, liquids and gases.2. S-waves can travel through liquids.3. Surface waves are the most destructive.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

2 only

1 and 3 only

All of the above

2 and 3 only

#6. The S-wave shadow zone lies beyond an angular distance of about:

60° from the epicentre

142° from the epicentre

103° from the epicentre

90° from the epicentre

#7. The outer core of the Earth is:

Solid

Gaseous

Plastic like the asthenosphere

Liquid

#8. Consider the following statements:Statement I: Iron is the most abundant element of the whole Earth.Statement II: Silicon is the most abundant element of the Earth's crust.

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect

Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

#9. The deepest hole drilled into the Earth is the:

Chikyu borehole, Japan

TauTona mine, South Africa

Mponeng mine, South Africa

Kola Superdeep Borehole, Russia

#10. The most important indirect source of information about the Earth's interior is:

Seismic waves

Mining

Deep drilling

Volcanic eruptions

#11. Arrange the following tectonic plates of the world from north to south:(1) Scotia plate(2) Cocos plate(3) Nazca plate(4) Juan de Fuca plate

(4), (3), (2), (1)

(2), (3), (4), (1)

(4), (2), (3), (1)

(1), (2), (4), (3)

#12. The Cocos plate is located between:

The Philippine and Indian plates

South America and the Pacific plate

The Asiatic and Pacific plates

Central America and the Pacific plate

#13. Match List I with List II:List I (Boundary)List II (Example)(a) Divergent(i) Andes(b) Ocean–continent convergent(ii) San Andreas Fault(c) Transform(iii) Himalaya(d) Continent–continent convergent(iv) Mid-Atlantic Ridge

a–iv b–iii c–ii d–i

a–iv b–i c–ii d–iii

a–iv b–i c–iii d–ii

a–i b–iii c–iv d–ii

#14. Match List I with List II:List I (Trench)List II (Location)(a) Mariana Trench(i) Off western South America(b) Peru–Chile Trench(ii) South of Indonesia(c) Java Trench(iii) East of Honshu(d) Japan Trench(iv) Western Pacific

a–iv b–i c–ii d–iii

a–ii b–i c–iv d–iii

a–iii b–iv c–ii d–i

a–ii b–iii c–i d–iv

#15. Consider the following statements:1. New crust is created at divergent boundaries.2. Transform boundaries have explosive volcanoes.3. Continent–continent collisions produce many active volcanoes.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

3 only

1 and 2 only

2 only

1 only

#16. The largest lithospheric plate is the:

Pacific plate

African plate

North American plate

Eurasian plate

#17. The Afar Triple Junction lies in the region of:

Iceland

The Red Sea coast of Egypt

Lake Baikal

Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti

#18. Match List I with List II:List I (Boundary type)List II (Example)(a) Ocean–ocean convergence(i) Iceland(b) Ocean–continent convergence(ii) Alps(c) Continent–continent convergence(iii) Japan(d) Ocean divergence(iv) Andes

a–ii b–iv c–iii d–i

a–i b–ii c–iii d–iv

a–iii b–iv c–ii d–i

a–iii b–ii c–i d–iv

#19. Consider the following statements:Statement I: The Himalayas were formed by continent–continent convergence.Statement II: Continent–continent convergence produces active volcanoes.

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect

Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

#20. The Indus–Tsangpo suture zone marks the collision of the:

Indian and Australian plates

Indian and Eurasian plates

Eurasian and Philippine plates

Arabian and Eurasian plates

#21. Match List I with List II:List I (Theory)List II (Proponent)(a) Continental Drift(i) Arthur Holmes(b) Convection Current(ii) McKenzie, Parker and Morgan(c) Seafloor Spreading(iii) Alfred Wegener(d) Plate Tectonics(iv) Harry Hess

a–iii b–i c–iv d–ii

a–ii b–i c–iv d–iii

a–i b–ii c–iii d–iv

a–iv b–iii c–i d–ii

#22. Arrange the following theories in chronological order:(1) Continental Drift(2) Plate Tectonics(3) Seafloor Spreading(4) Convection Current

(2), (4), (3), (1)

(3), (4), (2), (1)

(4), (2), (3), (1)

(1), (4), (3), (2)

#23. Alfred Wegener proposed the Continental Drift theory in:

1930

1960

1912

1884

#24. Match List I with List II:List I (Term)List II (Meaning)(a) Pangaea(i) The northern landmass(b) Panthalassa(ii) The supercontinent(c) Tethys(iii) The sea between the two landmasses(d) Laurasia(iv) The ocean around the supercontinent

a–i b–iv c–iii d–ii

a–ii b–iv c–iii d–i

a–iii b–iv c–i d–ii

a–ii b–i c–iv d–iii

#25. Consider the following statements about evidence for continental drift:1. Glossopteris fossils are found in India, Africa, Australia and Antarctica.2. Mesosaurus fossils are found in southern Africa and Brazil.3. Tillite deposits show that these lands once had hot desert conditions.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 and 2 only

3 only

1 and 3 only

2 only

#26. Match List I with List II:List I (Mountain)List II (Type)(a) Himalaya(i) Residual mountain(b) Vosges(ii) Volcanic mountain(c) Kilimanjaro(iii) Block mountain(d) Aravalli(iv) Fold mountain

a–i b–iii c–ii d–iv

a–iv b–iii c–ii d–i

a–iv b–i c–iii d–ii

a–i b–iv c–iii d–ii

#27. Alternating magnetic stripes on the ocean floor are evidence of:

Seafloor spreading

Hotspot volcanism

Continental drift by tidal forces

Isostasy

#28. Consider the following statements:Statement I: Ocean-floor rocks are youngest near the mid-ocean ridges.Statement II: Ocean-floor rocks are older than continental rocks.

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect

Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

#29. Which of the following is a block mountain in India?

Karakoram

Aravalli

Satpura

Shiwalik

#30. Arrange the following mountain-building periods from oldest to youngest:(1) Caledonian(2) Hercynian(3) Alpine(4) Precambrian

(4), (2), (1), (3)

(3), (2), (4), (1)

(4), (2), (3), (1)

(4), (1), (2), (3)

#31. Arrange the following types of eruption in ascending order of explosiveness:(1) Plinian(2) Vulcanian(3) Strombolian(4) Hawaiian

(3), (4), (2), (1)

(4), (3), (2), (1)

(1), (4), (3), (2)

(1), (4), (2), (3)

#32. Consider the following statements about lava:1. Basaltic lava is more fluid than andesitic lava.2. Andesitic lava builds gentle shield volcanoes.3. Basaltic lava is common at divergent boundaries.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 and 3 only

1 and 2 only

All of the above

2 only

#33. Match List I with List II:List I (Intrusive landform)List II (Shape)(a) Batholith(i) Vertical wall-like body(b) Laccolith(ii) Huge granite mass at mountain cores(c) Sill(iii) Dome-shaped(d) Dyke(iv) Near-horizontal sheet

a–ii b–iii c–iv d–i

a–iii b–ii c–iv d–i

a–iv b–ii c–iii d–i

a–i b–iv c–iii d–ii

#34. Match List I with List II:List I (Volcano)List II (Country)(a) Fuji(i) Tanzania(b) Cotopaxi(ii) Ecuador(c) Pinatubo(iii) Philippines(d) Kilimanjaro(iv) Japan

a–iv b–ii c–iii d–i

a–iii b–ii c–iv d–i

a–ii b–iv c–iii d–i

a–i b–ii c–iii d–iv

#35. Match List I with List II:List I (Volcano)List II (Feature)(a) Barren Island(i) Extinct volcano(b) Narcondam(ii) Hotspot shield volcano(c) Mt Kenya(iii) Dormant volcano(d) Mauna Loa(iv) India's only active volcano

a–iv b–iii c–ii d–i

a–iii b–ii c–i d–iv

a–iv b–iii c–i d–ii

a–i b–ii c–iv d–iii

#36. The Deccan Traps were formed over the:

Réunion hotspot

Yellowstone hotspot

Iceland hotspot

Hawaii hotspot

#37. Arrange the following volcanic eruptions in chronological order:(1) Mt St Helens(2) Krakatoa(3) Vesuvius(4) Pinatubo

(3), (4), (1), (2)

(2), (1), (3), (4)

(2), (4), (3), (1)

(3), (2), (1), (4)

#38. India's only active volcano is:

Dhinodhar

Narcondam

Barren Island

Lonar

#39. Consider the following statements:Statement I: The Hawaiian Islands were formed by hotspot volcanism.Statement II: The Emperor Seamounts are younger than the Hawaiian Islands.

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect

Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

#40. Lonar Lake in Maharashtra was formed by:

A tectonic rift

A volcanic caldera

Glacial action

A meteorite impact

#41. Match List I with List II:List I (Earthquake)List II (Location)(a) Valdivia, 1960(i) Maharashtra(b) Tōhoku, 2011(ii) Japan(c) Bhuj, 2001(iii) Gujarat(d) Koyna, 1967(iv) Chile

a–iv b–ii c–i d–iii

a–ii b–iv c–iii d–i

a–iv b–ii c–iii d–i

a–ii b–iv c–i d–iii

#42. Arrange the following events in chronological order:(1) Indian Ocean tsunami(2) Bhuj earthquake(3) Rann of Kachchh earthquake(4) Koyna earthquake

(3), (2), (4), (1)

(2), (4), (1), (3)

(2), (1), (4), (3)

(3), (4), (2), (1)

#43. Match List I with List II:List I (Cyclone)List II (Landfall area)(a) Biparjoy(i) Kachchh coast, Gujarat(b) Remal(ii) West Bengal–Bangladesh coast(c) Dana(iii) Andhra Pradesh coast(d) Montha(iv) Odisha coast

a–i b–ii c–iv d–iii

a–i b–iv c–ii d–iii

a–iii b–iv c–ii d–i

a–iii b–i c–ii d–iv

#44. Arrange the following cyclones in chronological order:(1) Biparjoy(2) Dana(3) Remal(4) Montha

(3), (1), (2), (4)

(4), (1), (3), (2)

(1), (3), (2), (4)

(2), (4), (3), (1)

#45. The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the:

Modified Mercalli scale

Moment magnitude scale

Beaufort scale

Richter scale

#46. Consider the following statements:1. The focus is the point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates.2. The epicentre is the point on the surface directly above the focus.3. Deep-focus earthquakes release the most energy.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only

1 and 2 only

2 and 3 only

1 and 3 only

#47. The new seismic Zone VI added in 2025 covers:

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands only

The Delhi region

The entire Himalayan arc

The Kachchh region only

#48. India's Tsunami Early Warning Centre is located at:

IMD, New Delhi

INCOIS, Hyderabad

NIO, Goa

NCPOR, Goa

#49. Consider the following statements:Statement I: The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami submerged Indira Point.Statement II: Tsunamis are caused mainly by tides.

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect

Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

#50. Which Indian earthquake is a well-known case of reservoir-induced seismicity?

Bhuj, 2001

Uttarkashi, 1991

Koyna, 1967

Latur, 1993

#51. Match List I with List II:List I (Rock)List II (Type)(a) Granite(i) Sedimentary(b) Basalt(ii) Metamorphic(c) Shale(iii) Igneous (plutonic)(d) Slate(iv) Igneous (volcanic)

a–iii b–i c–iv d–ii

a–iii b–iv c–i d–ii

a–iii b–ii c–i d–iv

a–i b–ii c–iii d–iv

#52. Match List I with List II:List I (Parent rock)List II (Metamorphic rock)(a) Limestone(i) Quartzite(b) Sandstone(ii) Marble(c) Granite(iii) Slate(d) Shale(iv) Gneiss

a–ii b–i c–iv d–iii

a–ii b–iii c–iv d–i

a–ii b–iii c–i d–iv

a–iv b–iii c–ii d–i

#53. Match List I with List II:List I (Case)List II (Weathering type)(a) Water freezing in cracks(i) Oxidation(b) Limestone dissolving in rain(ii) Frost wedging(c) Rocks turning reddish(iii) Biological(d) Tree roots widening joints(iv) Carbonation

a–ii b–iv c–i d–iii

a–i b–iv c–ii d–iii

a–iii b–i c–iv d–ii

a–iv b–i c–ii d–iii

#54. Coal is an example of which type of rock?

Metamorphic

Sedimentary (organic)

Igneous

Volcanic

#55. Consider the following statements:1. Sedimentary rocks may contain fossils.2. Igneous rocks usually contain fossils.3. Metamorphic rocks form under heat and pressure.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only

All of the above

3 only

1 and 3 only

#56. Sedimentary rocks subjected to intense heat and pressure become:

Magma directly

Soil

Igneous rocks

Metamorphic rocks

#57. The most abundant mineral group in the Earth's crust is:

Mica

Calcite

Feldspar

Quartz

#58. Consider the following statements:Statement I: Marble is metamorphosed limestone.Statement II: Makrana in Rajasthan is famous for its marble.

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect

Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

#59. Which of the following is a plutonic igneous rock?

Slate

Shale

Basalt

Granite

#60. Frost wedging is most active in:

Cold, high mountain regions

Coastal deltas

Hot, humid equatorial regions

Tropical rainforests

#61. Consider the following statements about river landforms:1. A gorge is an erosional landform.2. A delta is a depositional landform.3. A natural levee is an erosional landform.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

2 only

1 only

3 only

1 and 2 only

#62. Match List I with List II:List I (Waterfall)List II (Location)(a) Jog Falls(i) South Africa(b) Nohkalikai Falls(ii) Karnataka(c) Angel Falls(iii) Meghalaya(d) Tugela Falls(iv) Venezuela

a–ii b–i c–iv d–iii

a–iii b–i c–iv d–ii

a–ii b–iii c–iv d–i

a–i b–ii c–iii d–iv

#63. Match List I with List II:List I (Delta type)List II (River)(a) Arcuate(i) Nile(b) Bird's-foot(ii) Mississippi(c) Cuspate(iii) Godavari(d) Lobate(iv) Tiber

a–iv b–ii c–i d–iii

a–i b–ii c–iv d–iii

a–ii b–iv c–iii d–i

a–ii b–iii c–iv d–i

#64. Match List I with List II:List I (Drainage pattern)List II (Example)(a) Radial(i) Black Hills, USA(b) Centripetal(ii) Singhbhum(c) Trellis(iii) Loktak Lake(d) Annular(iv) Amarkantak

a–iv b–ii c–iii d–i

a–iv b–iii c–ii d–i

a–ii b–iv c–i d–iii

a–iv b–i c–iii d–ii

#65. Consider the following statements:1. The Indus is an antecedent river.2. The Damodar is a superimposed river.3. The Brahmaputra is a superimposed river.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only

1 and 2 only

2 only

1 and 3 only

#66. Which Indian rivers form estuaries rather than deltas?

Narmada and Tapi

Mahanadi and Cauvery

Godavari and Krishna

Ganga and Brahmaputra

#67. The world's highest waterfall is:

Tugela Falls

Victoria Falls

Niagara Falls

Angel Falls

#68. Arrange the following landforms in the order they appear from a river's youth to old age:(1) Oxbow lake(2) Gorge(3) Meander(4) Delta

(2), (3), (1), (4)

(1), (3), (2), (4)

(1), (2), (3), (4)

(3), (1), (4), (2)

#69. Majuli, a large river island, is formed by the:

Brahmaputra

Ganga

Barak

Teesta

#70. Consider the following statements:Statement I: Kunchikal Falls is the highest waterfall in India.Statement II: Nohkalikai Falls lies on the Sharavati river.

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect

Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

#71. Match List I with List II:List I (Karst feature)List II (Description)(a) Stalactite(i) Hangs from the cave roof(b) Stalagmite(ii) Surface depression(c) Pillar(iii) Rises from the cave floor(d) Sinkhole(iv) Stalactite and stalagmite joined

a–iv b–iii c–i d–ii

a–ii b–iii c–i d–iv

a–iv b–ii c–iii d–i

a–i b–iii c–iv d–ii

#72. Karst topography develops mainly in:

Sandstone

Granite

Limestone

Basalt

#73. The chemical process mainly responsible for karst landforms is:

Carbonation

Oxidation

Reduction

Hydration

#74. Consider the following statements:1. A doline is a surface karst feature.2. A cavern is an underground karst feature.3. A stalagmite is a surface karst feature.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

2 only

1 and 2 only

1 only

2 and 3 only

#75. The term 'karst' comes from a region in:

China

Turkey

Slovenia, on the Adriatic coast

Mexico

#76. The Borra caves are located in:

Andhra Pradesh

Chhattisgarh

Uttarakhand

Meghalaya

#77. Arrange the following karst surface depressions in ascending order of size:(1) Doline(2) Polje(3) Sinkhole(4) Uvala

(4), (1), (3), (2)

(3), (4), (2), (1)

(4), (1), (2), (3)

(3), (1), (4), (2)

#78. The Kutumsar caves are located in:

Madhya Pradesh

Chhattisgarh

Andhra Pradesh

Meghalaya

#79. Consider the following statements:Statement I: Karst topography needs soluble rock.Statement II: Karst develops best where the water table is very high.

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect

Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

#80. Match List I with List II:List I (Cave)List II (State)(a) Borra(i) Uttarakhand(b) Kutumsar(ii) Andhra Pradesh(c) Mawsmai(iii) Chhattisgarh(d) Robber's Cave(iv) Meghalaya

a–ii b–iii c–i d–iv

a–ii b–iii c–iv d–i

a–iv b–ii c–i d–iii

a–ii b–iv c–i d–iii

#81. Match List I with List II:List I (Glacial landform)List II (Description)(a) Cirque(i) Armchair-shaped hollow(b) Horn(ii) Drowned glacial valley(c) Arête(iii) Knife-edged ridge(d) Fjord(iv) Pyramidal peak

a–iii b–iv c–i d–ii

a–ii b–iv c–i d–iii

a–ii b–iii c–iv d–i

a–i b–iv c–iii d–ii

#82. Consider the following statements:1. A drumlin is a glacial landform.2. A barchan is a glacial landform.3. A yardang is a wind-formed landform.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only

3 only

1 and 3 only

2 and 3 only

#83. Match List I with List II:List I (Dune)List II (Feature)(a) Barchan(i) At right angles to the wind(b) Seif(ii) Parallel to the wind(c) Transverse(iii) Crescent shape(d) Star(iv) Three or more arms

a–iii b–ii c–i d–iv

a–iii b–ii c–iv d–i

a–iv b–iii c–ii d–i

a–i b–ii c–iv d–iii

#84. Arrange the following deserts in descending order of area:(1) Kalahari(2) Sahara(3) Gobi(4) Arabian

(1), (4), (3), (2)

(4), (1), (2), (3)

(1), (3), (4), (2)

(2), (4), (3), (1)

#85. Arrange the following deserts in ascending order of area:(1) Thar(2) Kalahari(3) Gobi(4) Taklamakan

(4), (1), (2), (3)

(1), (4), (2), (3)

(3), (2), (4), (1)

(4), (2), (3), (1)

#86. The Matterhorn is a classic example of a:

Horn

Esker

Drumlin

Cirque

#87. Uluru in Australia is an example of an:

Inselberg

Esker

Drumlin

Yardang

#88. The thickest loess deposits are found along the:

Amazon

Yellow River (Huang He)

Nile

Ganga

#89. Consider the following statements:Statement I: An esker is formed by glacial meltwater deposits.Statement II: A moraine is an erosional landform.

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect

Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

#90. The largest ice sheet in the world covers:

Northern Canada

Greenland

Antarctica

Iceland

#91. Arrange the stages of a headland's erosion in order:(1) Stump(2) Sea arch(3) Sea cave(4) Stack

(3), (2), (1), (4)

(3), (2), (4), (1)

(2), (1), (3), (4)

(2), (3), (1), (4)

#92. Consider the following statements:1. A spit is a depositional landform.2. A stack is a depositional landform.3. A tombolo joins an island to the mainland.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only

2 only

3 only

1 and 3 only

#93. Match List I with List II:List I (Coast type)List II (Example)(a) Ria coast(i) Croatia(b) Fjord coast(ii) South-west Ireland(c) Dalmatian coast(iii) Coromandel, Tamil Nadu(d) Emergent coast(iv) Norway

a–iv b–ii c–i d–iii

a–ii b–iv c–i d–iii

a–iv b–iii c–ii d–i

a–iv b–i c–ii d–iii

#94. Arrange the types of coral reef in the order in which they form:(1) Fringing reef(2) Barrier reef(3) Atoll

(2), (1), (3)

(1), (3), (2)

(2), (3), (1)

(1), (2), (3)

#95. Match List I with List II:List I (Reef area)List II (Location)(a) Great Barrier Reef(i) Queensland, Australia(b) Gulf of Mannar(ii) Between Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka(c) Lakshadweep(iii) Gujarat(d) Gulf of Kachchh(iv) Atolls in the Arabian Sea

a–iii b–ii c–iv d–i

a–iv b–i c–ii d–iii

a–iii b–i c–iv d–ii

a–i b–ii c–iv d–iii

#96. The world's largest barrier reef is the:

Red Sea Reef

Mesoamerican Reef

Great Barrier Reef

Florida Reef

#97. The Konkan coast is an example of a:

Submergent coast

Fault coast

Neutral coast

Emergent coast

#98. Consider the following statements:Statement I: Atolls are common in Lakshadweep.Statement II: Corals grow best in cold, deep water.

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect

Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

#99. A bar of sand joining an island to the mainland is called a:

Lagoon

Tombolo

Spit

Hook

#100. The subsidence theory of coral reef formation was given by:

Charles Darwin

Alfred Wegener

Arthur Holmes

Harry Hess

#101. Arrange the following ocean floor features from the coast to the deep sea:(1) Continental rise(2) Abyssal plain(3) Continental slope(4) Continental shelf

(3), (4), (1), (2)

(2), (4), (1), (3)

(2), (3), (1), (4)

(4), (3), (1), (2)

#102. Arrange the following trenches in descending order of depth:(1) Philippine(2) Tonga(3) Java(4) Mariana

(2), (4), (1), (3)

(4), (2), (1), (3)

(1), (3), (2), (4)

(4), (2), (3), (1)

#103. Match List I with List II:List I (Relief feature)List II (Description)(a) Seamount(i) Detached shallow rise, a hazard to ships(b) Guyot(ii) Flat-topped seamount(c) Bank(iii) Pointed submerged volcano(d) Shoal(iv) Flat shallow rise on the shelf

a–iii b–ii c–i d–iv

a–ii b–iv c–i d–iii

a–iii b–ii c–iv d–i

a–iii b–i c–ii d–iv

#104. The deepest point on Earth is the:

Tonga Trench

Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench

Java Trench

Puerto Rico Trench

#105. Consider the following statements:1. The abyssal plain covers the largest share of the ocean floor.2. The continental shelf is widest off Chile.3. The Siberian Shelf is the widest continental shelf.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

3 only

1 only

1 and 3 only

All of the above

#106. The longest mountain system on Earth is the:

Rockies

Himalaya

Andes

Mid-ocean ridge system

#107. Match List I with List II:List I (Feature)List II (Location)(a) Grand Banks(i) North Sea(b) Dogger Bank(ii) North-west Pacific(c) Hudson Canyon(iii) Off New York(d) Emperor Seamounts(iv) Off Newfoundland

a–iv b–iii c–i d–ii

a–iv b–i c–iii d–ii

a–iii b–ii c–i d–iv

a–iv b–iii c–ii d–i

#108. The deepest point of the Indian Ocean lies in the:

Chagos Trench

Mariana Trench

Andaman Trench

Java (Sunda) Trench

#109. Consider the following statements:Statement I: The continental slope marks the true edge of the continent.Statement II: The continental shelf has the steepest gradient of the ocean floor.

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect

Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

#110. The continental shelf generally extends to a depth of about:

2,000 m

50 m

200 m

1,000 m

#111. Consider the following statements:1. The Kuroshio is a warm current.2. The Benguela is a warm current.3. The Labrador is a cold current.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

All of the above

1 and 3 only

3 only

1 only

#112. Match List I with List II:List I (Current)List II (Location)(a) Kuroshio(i) Off north-west Africa(b) Agulhas(ii) Off Japan(c) Humboldt (Peru)(iii) Off Peru and Chile(d) Canary(iv) Off south-east Africa

a–iii b–iv c–ii d–i

a–ii b–iv c–iii d–i

a–i b–iii c–ii d–iv

a–i b–iv c–ii d–iii

#113. Match List I with List II:List I (Cold current)List II (Coastal desert)(a) Peru(i) Atacama(b) Benguela(ii) Western Sahara coast(c) Canary(iii) Namib

a–iii b–i c–ii

a–i b–iii c–ii

a–iii b–ii c–i

a–i b–ii c–iii

#114. Arrange the currents of the North Atlantic gyre in order, starting from the North Equatorial Current:(1) North Atlantic Drift(2) North Equatorial Current(3) Canary Current(4) Gulf Stream

(2), (1), (4), (3)

(2), (4), (1), (3)

(4), (3), (1), (2)

(3), (4), (1), (2)

#115. The sea without any coastline is the:

Sargasso Sea

Coral Sea

Tasman Sea

Caspian Sea

#116. The Grand Banks fishing ground is formed by the meeting of the:

Brazil and Falkland currents

Canary and North Equatorial currents

Kuroshio and Oyashio

Gulf Stream and Labrador current

#117. Consider the following statements:Statement I: Ocean gyres in the northern hemisphere move clockwise.Statement II: Cold currents flow along west coasts of continents in low and middle latitudes.

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect

Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

#118. Currents of the North Indian Ocean reverse seasonally because of:

The thermohaline circulation

Tides

The Coriolis force alone

The monsoon winds

#119. The warm current that keeps Norwegian ports ice-free is the:

North Atlantic Drift

Canary current

Gulf of Mexico current

Labrador current

#120. The Somali current is noted for:

Creating the Namib desert

Being the warmest current in the world

Reversing with the monsoon and causing upwelling

Flowing only in winter

#121. Match List I with List II:List I (Term)List II (Meaning)(a) Spring tide(i) Rising tide(b) Neap tide(ii) Sun and Moon at right angles(c) Ebb tide(iii) Sun, Moon and Earth in a line(d) Flood tide(iv) Falling tide

a–i b–ii c–iv d–iii

a–iv b–i c–ii d–iii

a–ii b–i c–iv d–iii

a–iii b–ii c–iv d–i

#122. The interval between two successive high tides at a place is about:

24 hours

6 hours

12 hours 25 minutes

12 hours exactly

#123. Consider the following statements:1. The Moon's tidal effect is greater than the Sun's.2. Spring tides occur at the first and third quarters of the Moon.3. The tidal range is larger at perigee.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 and 3 only

All of the above

1 and 2 only

3 only

#124. Match List I with List II:List I (Place)List II (Feature)(a) Bay of Fundy(i) Tidal power project, Sundarbans(b) Qiantang river(ii) Strongest tidal bore(c) Hooghly(iii) Indian river with a tidal bore(d) Durgaduani(iv) Highest tidal range

a–iv b–ii c–i d–iii

a–iii b–iv c–i d–ii

a–iv b–ii c–iii d–i

a–iv b–i c–ii d–iii

#125. The highest tidal range in the world is found in the:

English Channel

Bay of Bengal

Gulf of Khambhat

Bay of Fundy

#126. Arrange the phases of the Moon in order through a lunar month:(1) New moon(2) First quarter(3) Third quarter(4) Full moon

(1), (2), (4), (3)

(4), (2), (1), (3)

(2), (1), (3), (4)

(2), (3), (1), (4)

#127. Which of the following is a tidal port of India?

Mormugao

Tuticorin

Kandla

Kochi

#128. Consider the following statements:Statement I: A tidal bore occurs during the ebb tide.Statement II: Tidal bores need a narrow, shallow estuary.

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect

Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

#129. Diurnal tides, with one high and one low tide a day, are typical of the:

English Channel

Gulf of Mexico

Bay of Fundy

Arabian Sea coast

#130. Tides are caused by:

Undersea earthquakes

Differences in water density

Winds blowing over the ocean

The gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, with the centrifugal force of the Earth–Moon system

#131. Arrange the following water bodies in ascending order of salinity:(1) Black Sea(2) Red Sea(3) Mediterranean Sea(4) Baltic Sea

(4), (2), (3), (1)

(2), (3), (4), (1)

(4), (1), (3), (2)

(3), (4), (2), (1)

#132. Arrange the following salts of seawater in descending order of share:(1) Calcium sulphate(2) Sodium chloride(3) Magnesium sulphate(4) Magnesium chloride

(3), (4), (2), (1)

(1), (4), (3), (2)

(2), (4), (3), (1)

(3), (4), (1), (2)

#133. Arrange the layers of ocean temperature from the surface downwards:(1) Cold deep layer(2) Warm surface layer(3) Thermocline

(1), (3), (2)

(3), (1), (2)

(2), (3), (1)

(3), (2), (1)

#134. Match List I with List II:List I (Term)List II (Meaning)(a) Thermocline(i) Sunlit top ~200 m(b) Halocline(ii) Rapid change in density(c) Pycnocline(iii) Rapid fall in temperature(d) Photic zone(iv) Rapid change in salinity

a–iii b–iv c–i d–ii

a–iii b–iv c–ii d–i

a–ii b–i c–iii d–iv

a–i b–iv c–iii d–ii

#135. The average salinity of the open ocean is about:

15 parts per thousand

35 parts per thousand

45 parts per thousand

25 parts per thousand

#136. Consider the following statements about salinity:1. Open-ocean salinity is highest at the Equator.2. Evaporation raises salinity.3. River inflow lowers salinity.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

All of the above

1 and 3 only

2 and 3 only

2 only

#137. The warm current that forms the northward limb of the AMOC is the:

Benguela current

Gulf Stream

Labrador current

Canary current

#138. In the AMOC, surface water cools and sinks mainly near:

Greenland and the Nordic seas

The Mediterranean Sea

The Gulf of Mexico

The Equator

#139. Consider the following statements:Statement I: The Bay of Bengal is less saline than the Arabian Sea.Statement II: The Ganga–Brahmaputra inflow dilutes the Bay of Bengal.

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect

Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

#140. Thermohaline circulation is driven mainly by differences in:

Wind speed

Seafloor depth

Tidal range

Temperature and salinity of water

Geomorphology & Oceanography MCQ Questions & Answers

Results

#1. Arrange the following layers of the Earth from the surface to the centre:(1) Crust(2) Outer core(3) Inner core(4) Mantle

#2. Match List I with List II:List I (Discontinuity)List II (Lies between)(a) Conrad(i) Mantle and outer core(b) Moho(ii) Crust and mantle(c) Gutenberg(iii) Upper and lower crust(d) Lehmann(iv) Outer and inner core

#3. Arrange the following in descending order of their share of the Earth's volume:(1) Mantle(2) Crust(3) Core

#4. Arrange the following elements of the Earth's crust in descending order of abundance:(1) Oxygen(2) Silicon(3) Aluminium(4) Iron

#5. Consider the following statements about seismic waves:1. P-waves can travel through solids, liquids and gases.2. S-waves can travel through liquids.3. Surface waves are the most destructive.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

#6. The S-wave shadow zone lies beyond an angular distance of about:

#7. The outer core of the Earth is:

#8. Consider the following statements:Statement I: Iron is the most abundant element of the whole Earth.Statement II: Silicon is the most abundant element of the Earth's crust.

#9. The deepest hole drilled into the Earth is the:

#10. The most important indirect source of information about the Earth's interior is:

#11. Arrange the following tectonic plates of the world from north to south:(1) Scotia plate(2) Cocos plate(3) Nazca plate(4) Juan de Fuca plate

#12. The Cocos plate is located between:

#13. Match List I with List II:List I (Boundary)List II (Example)(a) Divergent(i) Andes(b) Ocean–continent convergent(ii) San Andreas Fault(c) Transform(iii) Himalaya(d) Continent–continent convergent(iv) Mid-Atlantic Ridge

#14. Match List I with List II:List I (Trench)List II (Location)(a) Mariana Trench(i) Off western South America(b) Peru–Chile Trench(ii) South of Indonesia(c) Java Trench(iii) East of Honshu(d) Japan Trench(iv) Western Pacific

#15. Consider the following statements:1. New crust is created at divergent boundaries.2. Transform boundaries have explosive volcanoes.3. Continent–continent collisions produce many active volcanoes.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

#16. The largest lithospheric plate is the:

#17. The Afar Triple Junction lies in the region of:

#18. Match List I with List II:List I (Boundary type)List II (Example)(a) Ocean–ocean convergence(i) Iceland(b) Ocean–continent convergence(ii) Alps(c) Continent–continent convergence(iii) Japan(d) Ocean divergence(iv) Andes

#19. Consider the following statements:Statement I: The Himalayas were formed by continent–continent convergence.Statement II: Continent–continent convergence produces active volcanoes.

#20. The Indus–Tsangpo suture zone marks the collision of the:

#21. Match List I with List II:List I (Theory)List II (Proponent)(a) Continental Drift(i) Arthur Holmes(b) Convection Current(ii) McKenzie, Parker and Morgan(c) Seafloor Spreading(iii) Alfred Wegener(d) Plate Tectonics(iv) Harry Hess

#22. Arrange the following theories in chronological order:(1) Continental Drift(2) Plate Tectonics(3) Seafloor Spreading(4) Convection Current

#23. Alfred Wegener proposed the Continental Drift theory in:

#24. Match List I with List II:List I (Term)List II (Meaning)(a) Pangaea(i) The northern landmass(b) Panthalassa(ii) The supercontinent(c) Tethys(iii) The sea between the two landmasses(d) Laurasia(iv) The ocean around the supercontinent

#26. Match List I with List II:List I (Mountain)List II (Type)(a) Himalaya(i) Residual mountain(b) Vosges(ii) Volcanic mountain(c) Kilimanjaro(iii) Block mountain(d) Aravalli(iv) Fold mountain

#27. Alternating magnetic stripes on the ocean floor are evidence of:

#28. Consider the following statements:Statement I: Ocean-floor rocks are youngest near the mid-ocean ridges.Statement II: Ocean-floor rocks are older than continental rocks.

#29. Which of the following is a block mountain in India?

#30. Arrange the following mountain-building periods from oldest to youngest:(1) Caledonian(2) Hercynian(3) Alpine(4) Precambrian

#31. Arrange the following types of eruption in ascending order of explosiveness:(1) Plinian(2) Vulcanian(3) Strombolian(4) Hawaiian

#32. Consider the following statements about lava:1. Basaltic lava is more fluid than andesitic lava.2. Andesitic lava builds gentle shield volcanoes.3. Basaltic lava is common at divergent boundaries.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

#33. Match List I with List II:List I (Intrusive landform)List II (Shape)(a) Batholith(i) Vertical wall-like body(b) Laccolith(ii) Huge granite mass at mountain cores(c) Sill(iii) Dome-shaped(d) Dyke(iv) Near-horizontal sheet

#34. Match List I with List II:List I (Volcano)List II (Country)(a) Fuji(i) Tanzania(b) Cotopaxi(ii) Ecuador(c) Pinatubo(iii) Philippines(d) Kilimanjaro(iv) Japan

#35. Match List I with List II:List I (Volcano)List II (Feature)(a) Barren Island(i) Extinct volcano(b) Narcondam(ii) Hotspot shield volcano(c) Mt Kenya(iii) Dormant volcano(d) Mauna Loa(iv) India's only active volcano

#36. The Deccan Traps were formed over the:

#37. Arrange the following volcanic eruptions in chronological order:(1) Mt St Helens(2) Krakatoa(3) Vesuvius(4) Pinatubo

#38. India's only active volcano is:

#39. Consider the following statements:Statement I: The Hawaiian Islands were formed by hotspot volcanism.Statement II: The Emperor Seamounts are younger than the Hawaiian Islands.

#40. Lonar Lake in Maharashtra was formed by:

#41. Match List I with List II:List I (Earthquake)List II (Location)(a) Valdivia, 1960(i) Maharashtra(b) Tōhoku, 2011(ii) Japan(c) Bhuj, 2001(iii) Gujarat(d) Koyna, 1967(iv) Chile

#42. Arrange the following events in chronological order:(1) Indian Ocean tsunami(2) Bhuj earthquake(3) Rann of Kachchh earthquake(4) Koyna earthquake

#43. Match List I with List II:List I (Cyclone)List II (Landfall area)(a) Biparjoy(i) Kachchh coast, Gujarat(b) Remal(ii) West Bengal–Bangladesh coast(c) Dana(iii) Andhra Pradesh coast(d) Montha(iv) Odisha coast

#44. Arrange the following cyclones in chronological order:(1) Biparjoy(2) Dana(3) Remal(4) Montha

#45. The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the:

#46. Consider the following statements:1. The focus is the point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates.2. The epicentre is the point on the surface directly above the focus.3. Deep-focus earthquakes release the most energy.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

#47. The new seismic Zone VI added in 2025 covers:

#48. India's Tsunami Early Warning Centre is located at:

#49. Consider the following statements:Statement I: The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami submerged Indira Point.Statement II: Tsunamis are caused mainly by tides.

#50. Which Indian earthquake is a well-known case of reservoir-induced seismicity?

#51. Match List I with List II:List I (Rock)List II (Type)(a) Granite(i) Sedimentary(b) Basalt(ii) Metamorphic(c) Shale(iii) Igneous (plutonic)(d) Slate(iv) Igneous (volcanic)

#52. Match List I with List II:List I (Parent rock)List II (Metamorphic rock)(a) Limestone(i) Quartzite(b) Sandstone(ii) Marble(c) Granite(iii) Slate(d) Shale(iv) Gneiss

#53. Match List I with List II:List I (Case)List II (Weathering type)(a) Water freezing in cracks(i) Oxidation(b) Limestone dissolving in rain(ii) Frost wedging(c) Rocks turning reddish(iii) Biological(d) Tree roots widening joints(iv) Carbonation

#54. Coal is an example of which type of rock?

#55. Consider the following statements:1. Sedimentary rocks may contain fossils.2. Igneous rocks usually contain fossils.3. Metamorphic rocks form under heat and pressure.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

#56. Sedimentary rocks subjected to intense heat and pressure become:

#57. The most abundant mineral group in the Earth's crust is:

#58. Consider the following statements:Statement I: Marble is metamorphosed limestone.Statement II: Makrana in Rajasthan is famous for its marble.

#59. Which of the following is a plutonic igneous rock?

#60. Frost wedging is most active in:

#61. Consider the following statements about river landforms:1. A gorge is an erosional landform.2. A delta is a depositional landform.3. A natural levee is an erosional landform.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

#62. Match List I with List II:List I (Waterfall)List II (Location)(a) Jog Falls(i) South Africa(b) Nohkalikai Falls(ii) Karnataka(c) Angel Falls(iii) Meghalaya(d) Tugela Falls(iv) Venezuela

#63. Match List I with List II:List I (Delta type)List II (River)(a) Arcuate(i) Nile(b) Bird's-foot(ii) Mississippi(c) Cuspate(iii) Godavari(d) Lobate(iv) Tiber

#64. Match List I with List II:List I (Drainage pattern)List II (Example)(a) Radial(i) Black Hills, USA(b) Centripetal(ii) Singhbhum(c) Trellis(iii) Loktak Lake(d) Annular(iv) Amarkantak

#65. Consider the following statements:1. The Indus is an antecedent river.2. The Damodar is a superimposed river.3. The Brahmaputra is a superimposed river.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

#66. Which Indian rivers form estuaries rather than deltas?

#67. The world's highest waterfall is:

#68. Arrange the following landforms in the order they appear from a river's youth to old age:(1) Oxbow lake(2) Gorge(3) Meander(4) Delta

#69. Majuli, a large river island, is formed by the:

#70. Consider the following statements:Statement I: Kunchikal Falls is the highest waterfall in India.Statement II: Nohkalikai Falls lies on the Sharavati river.

#71. Match List I with List II:List I (Karst feature)List II (Description)(a) Stalactite(i) Hangs from the cave roof(b) Stalagmite(ii) Surface depression(c) Pillar(iii) Rises from the cave floor(d) Sinkhole(iv) Stalactite and stalagmite joined

#72. Karst topography develops mainly in:

#73. The chemical process mainly responsible for karst landforms is:

#74. Consider the following statements:1. A doline is a surface karst feature.2. A cavern is an underground karst feature.3. A stalagmite is a surface karst feature.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

#75. The term 'karst' comes from a region in:

#76. The Borra caves are located in:

#77. Arrange the following karst surface depressions in ascending order of size:(1) Doline(2) Polje(3) Sinkhole(4) Uvala

#78. The Kutumsar caves are located in:

#79. Consider the following statements:Statement I: Karst topography needs soluble rock.Statement II: Karst develops best where the water table is very high.